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Abstract Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an efficient technique for producing medium to large‐size components, due to its accessibility and sustainability in fabricating large‐scale parts with high deposition rates, employing low‐cost and simple equipment, and achieving high material efficiency. Consequently, WAAM has garnered attention across various industrial sectors and experienced significant growth, particularly over the last decade, as it addresses and mitigates challenges within production markets. One of the primary limitations of WAAM is its thermal history during the process, which directly influences grain formation and microstructure heterogeneity in the resulting part. Understanding the thermal cycle of the WAAM process is thus crucial for process improvement. Typically, fabricating a part using WAAM results in a microstructure with three distinct zones along the build direction: an upper zone (thin surface layer) with fine grains, a middle zone dominated by undesirably long and large columnar grains covering more than 90% of the produced part, and a lower zone with smaller to intermediate columnar grains closer to the substrate material. These zones arise from variations in cooling rates, with the middle zone exhibiting the lowest cooling rate due to 2D conduction heat transfer. Consequently, producing a component with a microstructure comprising three different zones, with a high fraction of large and long columnar grains, significantly impacts the final mechanical properties. Therefore, controlling the size and formation of these grain zones plays a key role in improving WAAM. The aim of this work is to investigate the formation of undesired columnar grains in austenitic stainless steel 316L during WAAM and propose a simple hybrid technique by combining WAAM with a hot forging process (with or without interlayer cooling time). This approach targets the disruption of the solidification pattern of columnar grain growth during deposition progression and aims to enhance the microstructure of WAAM components.
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This content will become publicly available on December 1, 2025
The effect of altering heat input & torch motion on the grain formation of SS316L material in WAAM
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an effective technique for producing medium to large-size components, due to its convenience and sustainability in fabricating large-scale parts with high deposition rates, employing low-cost and simple equipment, and attaining high material efficiency. Thus, WAAM attracts different industrial sectors and has experienced great growth, particularly over the last decade to overcome production market’s challenges. Consequently, fabricating parts in WAAM, mostly resulted in heterogeneity in microstructure of three different zones towards the buildup direction due to different cooling rates; upper zone (thin surface layer of fine grains), middle zone (undesired large columnar grains covers 90% of the produced part), and lower zone (intermediate columnar grains close to substrate material). Accordingly, producing parts consisting of different zones affects the final component's mechanical properties. Therefore, controlling the formation of these zones is a key role in improving WAAM technique. Altering torch motion and cooling rates were found to be effective methods to control the homogeneity of the final component in WAAM.
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- PAR ID:
- 10591320
- Publisher / Repository:
- Springer
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Discover Mechanical Engineering
- Volume:
- 3
- ISSN:
- 2731-6564
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 49
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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