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Abstract Convergent margins play a fundamental role in the construction and modification of Earth's lithosphere and are characterized by poorly understood episodic processes that occur during the progression from subduction to terminal collision. On the northern margin of the active Arabia‐Eurasia collision zone, the Greater Caucasus Mountains provide an opportunity to study a protracted convergent margin that spanned most of the Phanerozoic and culminated in Cenozoic continental collision. However, the main episodes of lithosphere formation and deformation along this margin remain enigmatic. Here, we use detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology from Paleozoic and Mesozoic (meta)sedimentary rocks in the Greater Caucasus, along with select zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic data from coeval igneous rocks, to link key magmatic and depositional episodes along the Caucasus convergent margin. Devonian to Early Carboniferous rocks were deposited prior to Late Carboniferous accretion of the Greater Caucasus crystalline core onto the Laurussian margin. Permian to Triassic rocks document a period of northward subduction and forearc deposition south of a continental margin volcanic arc in the Northern Caucasus and Scythian Platform. Jurassic rocks record the opening of the Caucasus Basin as a back‐arc rift during southward migration of the arc front into the Lesser Caucasus. Cretaceous rocks have few Jurassic‐Cretaceous zircons, indicating a period of relative magmatic quiescence and minimal exhumation within this basin. Late Cenozoic closure of the Caucasus Basin juxtaposed the Lesser Caucasus arc to the south against the crystalline core of the Greater Caucasus to the north and led to the formation of a hypothesized terminal suture. We expect this suture to be within ~20 km of the southern range front of the Greater Caucasus because all analysed rocks to the north exhibit a provenance affinity with the crystalline core of the Greater Caucasus.
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This content will become publicly available on May 1, 2026
Relict Back‐Arc Basin Crustal Structure in the Western Greater Caucasus, Georgia
Abstract Back‐arc basins frequently form within subduction zones, creating sources of lithospheric weakness that can accommodate subsequent compressional deformation. The crustal structure of these basins, including whether they contain extended preexisting crust and/or new crust formed by seafloor spreading, can thus exert a major influence on strain partitioning in orogenic belts. Here, we present field observations, petrographic analyses, and major/trace element geochemical data from the Caucasus Basin, a back‐arc basin that initiated in continental lithosphere in the Jurassic and subsequently localized deformation in the present‐day Greater Caucasus during the latter stages of Cenozoic Arabia‐Eurasia continent‐continent collision. Our results reveal distinct lithologic and geochemical domains separated by south‐vergent thrust faults within the North Georgia fault system (NGFS) in the Republic of Georgia. Along the Enguri River, shallow intrusive and volcanic rocks are thrust over dominantly volcaniclastic cover, whereas along the Tskhenistskali River, intrusions into metasedimentary rocks are juxtaposed against volcanic flows. The presence of a minor depleted mantle geochemical signature in intrusive rocks from the Tskhenistskali traverse supports an episode of Jurassic seafloor spreading in the Caucasus Basin, with the resulting lithosphere facilitating Cenozoic basin closure by north‐dipping subduction during Arabia‐Eurasia collision. The Khaishi fault along the Enguri River and the Lentekhi fault along the Tskhenistskali river mark major juxtapositions in back‐arc crustal structure and may be components of the terminal suture indicating Caucasus Basin closure. Our results highlight how magmatic rocks in relict basin rocks can yield key insights into basin structure and orogenesis, even when no ophiolite is present.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2050623
- PAR ID:
- 10592596
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Geophysical Union
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
- Volume:
- 26
- Issue:
- 5
- ISSN:
- 1525-2027
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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