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For modern switching power supplies, current bulk magnetic materials, such as ferrites or magnetic metal alloys, cannot provide both low loss and high magnetic saturation to function with both high power density and high efficiency at high frequencies (10-100 MHz). Magnetic nanocomposites comprised of a ferrite and magnetic metal alloy provide the opportunity to achieve these desired magnetic properties, but previously investigated thin-film fabrication techniques have difficulty achieving multi-micrometer film thicknesses which are necessary to provide practical magnetic energy storage and power handling. Here, we present a versatile technique to fabricate thick magnetic nanocomposites via a two-step process, consisting of the electrophoretic deposition of an iron oxide nanoparticle phase into a mold on a substrate, followed by electro-infiltration of a nickel matrix. The deposited films are imaged via scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to identify the presence of iron and nickel, confirming the infiltration of the nickel between the iron oxide nanoparticles. A film thickness of ∼7 μm was measured via stylus profilometry. Further confirmation of successful composite formation is obtained with vibrating sample magnetometry, showing the saturation magnetization value of the composite (473 kA/m) falls between that of the iron oxide nanoparticles (280 kA/m) and the nickel matrix (555 kA/m). These results demonstrate the potential of electrophoretic deposition coupled with electro-infiltration to fabricate magnetic nanocomposite films.
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Nanoscale structural evaluation of 0-3 magnetic nanocomposites fabricated by electro-infiltration
Magnetic nanocomposites with 0-3 connectivity, whereby a 0D magnetic nanoparticle phase is embedded into a 3D magnetic metal matrix phase, have gained increased interest for use in applications ranging from integrated power inductor cores to exchange-spring magnets. The electro-infiltration process, in which a metal phase is electroplated through a nanoparticle film phase, is an inexpensive approach compatible with semiconductor fabrication methods for the formation of these nanocomposites. Past demonstrations of electro-infiltrated nanocomposites have relied on scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to evaluate the 0-3 composite structure. However, a detailed investigation of the boundary between the particle and metal matrix phases cannot be performed with these tools, and it is unknown whether the particle/matrix interfaces are dense and void-free. This detail is critical, as the presence of even nanoscale voids would affect any potential magnetic exchange coupling and hence the overall electromagnetic properties of the material. This work seeks to explore the phase boundary of 0-3 magnetic nanocomposite fabricated by electro-infiltration by using scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to analyze the nanostructure of two different composites—a nickel/iron-oxide composite and a permalloy/iron-oxide composite. High-resolution imaging indicates that the interface between the particle phase and matrix phase is dense and void-free. These results will help guide future studies on the design and implementation of these magnetic nanocomposites for end applications.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1727930
- PAR ID:
- 10596934
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Institute of Physics
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- AIP Advances
- Volume:
- 9
- Issue:
- 12
- ISSN:
- 2158-3226
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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