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2. From Scarcity to Opportunity: Examining Abuse of the IPv4 Leasing Market

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   Since the exhaustion of unallocated IP addresses at the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), a market for IPv4 addresses has emerged. In complement to purchasing address space, leasing IP addresses is becoming increasingly popular. Leasing provides a cost-effective alternative for organizations that seek to scale up without a high upfront investment. However, malicious actors also benefit from leasing as it enables them to rapidly cycle through different addresses, circumventing security measures such as IP blocklisting. We explore the emerging IP leasing market and its implications for Internet security. We examine leasing market data, leveraging blocklists as an indirect measure of involvement in various forms of network abuse. In February 2025, leased prefixes were 2.89× more likely to be flagged by blocklists compared to non-leased prefixes. This result raises questions about whether the IP leasing market should be subject to closer scrutiny. 

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3. Towards Substantive Conceptions of Algorithmic Fairness: Normative Guidance from Equal Opportunity Doctrines

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   In this work we use Equal Opportunity (EO) doctrines from political philosophy to make explicit the normative judgements embedded in different conceptions of algorithmic fairness. We contrast formal EO approaches that narrowly focus on fair contests at discrete decision points, with substantive EO doctrines that look at people’s fair life chances more holistically over the course of a lifetime. We use this taxonomy to provide a moral interpretation of the impossibility results as the incompatibility between different conceptions of a fair contest — foward-facing versus backward-facing — when people do not have fair life chances. We use this result to motivate substantive conceptions of algorithmic fairness and outline two plausible fair decision procedures based on the luck egalitarian doctrine of EO, and Rawls’s principle of fair equality of opportunity. 

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   https://doi.org/10.5038/2074-1235.53.1.1623  

   Gjerdrum, Carina; Wong, Sarah_N P; Mallory, Mark L (April 2025, Marine Ornithology)

   Information on marine bird abundance and distribution at sea is required to identify important habitat for protection, mitigate pressures from human activities, and understand the role of seabirds in marine food webs. Arctic waters support millions of marine birds, including globally significant numbers of some species, but the remote location coupled with the financial costs of research and monitoring in this region limit our ability to quantify marine habitat use. We used standardized survey data collected from vessels of opportunity during 2007-2023 to describe the distribution and abundance of marine birds in eastern Canadian Arctic waters and to examine the relative contribution of data collected from two primary platform types: research vessels and cruise ships. Northern Fulmars Fulmarus glacialis, Thick-billed Murres Uria lomvia, Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla, and Dovekies Alle alle accounted for 92% of the sightings. The survey area covered by research vessels was 3.5 times greater than that covered by cruise ships, but there was minimal (< 1%) spatial overlap between the two platform types. Cruise ships travelled closer to shore and in shallower water than research vessels, including areas close to major colonies during the breeding season, which resulted in higher densities of birds observed. In addition to providing access to unique survey areas, cruise ships presented opportunities to engage tourists in the process of science and the outcomes of biodiversity monitoring programs. Large-scale monitoring programs that include boat-based surveys from a variety of platform types and collaboration among multiple organizations will remain important for defining marine bird habitat use in an area where human impacts are increasing as sea ice cover declines. 

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