Abstract The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a charged-particle test beam. This paper gives an overview of the Pandora reconstruction algorithms and how they have been tailored for use at ProtoDUNE-SP. In complex events with numerous cosmic-ray and beam background particles, the simulated reconstruction and identification efficiency for triggered test-beam particles is above 80% for the majority of particle type and beam momentum combinations. Specifically, simulated 1 GeV/ c charged pions and protons are correctly reconstructed and identified with efficiencies of 86.1 $$\pm 0.6$$ ± 0.6 % and 84.1 $$\pm 0.6$$ ± 0.6 %, respectively. The efficiencies measured for test-beam data are shown to be within 5% of those predicted by the simulation. 
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- Neutrino interaction vertex reconstruction in DUNE with Pandora deep learning
This content will become publicly available on June 1, 2026
                            Title: 
                            Neutrino interaction vertex reconstruction in DUNE with Pandora deep learning
                        
                    
    
            Abstract The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries perform reconstruction of neutrino interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, which will operate four large-scale liquid argon time projection chambers at the far detector site in South Dakota, producing high-resolution images of charged particles emerging from neutrino interactions. While these high-resolution images provide excellent opportunities for physics, the complex topologies require sophisticated pattern recognition capabilities to interpret signals from the detectors as physically meaningful objects that form the inputs to physics analyses. A critical component is the identification of the neutrino interaction vertex. Subsequent reconstruction algorithms use this location to identify the individual primary particles and ensure they each result in a separate reconstructed particle. A new vertex-finding procedure described in this article integrates a U-ResNet neural network performing hit-level classification into the multi-algorithm approach used by Pandora to identify the neutrino interaction vertex. The machine learning solution is seamlessly integrated into a chain of pattern-recognition algorithms. The technique substantially outperforms the previous BDT-based solution, with a more than 20% increase in the efficiency of sub-1 cm vertex reconstruction across all neutrino flavours. 
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                            - PAR ID:
- 10614388
- Author(s) / Creator(s):
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Wurm, M; Wyenberg, J; Wynne, B M; Xiao, Y; Xiotidis, I; Yaeggy, B; Yahlali, N; Yandel, E; Yang, J; Yang, T; Yankelevich, A; Yates, L; Yonehara, K; Young, T; Yu, B; Yu, H; Yu, J; Yu, Y; Yuan, W; Zaki, R; Zalesak, J; Zambelli, L; Zamorano, B; Zani, A; Zapata, O; Zazueta, L; Zeller, G P; Zennamo, J; Zettlemoyer, J; Zeug, K; Zhang, C; Zhang, S; Zhao, M; Zhivun, E; Zimmerman, E D; Zucchelli, S; Zuklin, J; Zutshi, V; Zwaska, R « less
- Corporate Creator(s):
- DUNE Collaboration
- Publisher / Repository:
- The European Physical Journal C
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- The European Physical Journal C
- Volume:
- 85
- Issue:
- 6
- ISSN:
- 1434-6052
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
- This content will become publicly available on June 1, 2026
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14313-8
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Kazaryan, N, Ke, L, Kearns, E, Keener, P T, Kelly, K J, Keloth, R, Kemp, E, Kemularia, O, Kermaidic, Y, Ketchum, W, Kettell, S H, Khan, N, Khvedelidze, A, Kim, D, Kim, J, Kim, M J, Kim, S, King, B, King, M, Kirby, M, Kish, A, Klein, J, Kleykamp, J, Klustova, A, Kobilarcik, T, Koch, L, Koehler, K, Koerner, L W, Koh, D H, Kordosky, M, Kosc, T, Kostelecký, V A, Kothekar, K, Kotler, I, Kovalcuk, M, Krah, W, Kralik, R, Kramer, M, Kreczko, L, Krennrich, F, Kroupova, T, Kubota, S, Kubu, M, Kudryavtsev, V A, Kufatty, G, Kuhlmann, S, Kumar, J, Kumar, P, Kumar, P, Kumaran, S, Kunzmann, J, Kuravi, R, Kus, V, Kutter, T, Kvasnicka, J, Labree, T, Lackey, T, Lalău, I, Lambert, A, Land, B J, Lane, C E, Lane, N, Lang, K, Langford, T, Langstaff, M, Lanni, F, Larkin, J, Lasorak, P, Last, D, Laundrie, A, Laurenti, G, Lavaut, E, Laycock, P, Lazanu, I, LaZur, R, Lazzaroni, M, Le, T, Leardini, S, Learned, J, LeCompte, T, Lehmann_Miotto, G, Lehnert, R, Leitner, M, Lemoine, H, Leon_Silverio, D, Lepin, L M, Li, 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"Neutrino interaction vertex reconstruction in DUNE with Pandora deep learning". The European Physical Journal C 85 (6). Country unknown/Code not available: The European Physical Journal C. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14313-8. https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10614388.
- BibTeX
                                            Cite: BibTeX Format@article{osti_10614388,
 place = {Country unknown/Code not available}, title = {Neutrino interaction vertex reconstruction in DUNE with Pandora deep learning}, url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10614388}, DOI = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14313-8}, abstractNote = {Abstract The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries perform reconstruction of neutrino interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, which will operate four large-scale liquid argon time projection chambers at the far detector site in South Dakota, producing high-resolution images of charged particles emerging from neutrino interactions. While these high-resolution images provide excellent opportunities for physics, the complex topologies require sophisticated pattern recognition capabilities to interpret signals from the detectors as physically meaningful objects that form the inputs to physics analyses. A critical component is the identification of the neutrino interaction vertex. Subsequent reconstruction algorithms use this location to identify the individual primary particles and ensure they each result in a separate reconstructed particle. A new vertex-finding procedure described in this article integrates a U-ResNet neural network performing hit-level classification into the multi-algorithm approach used by Pandora to identify the neutrino interaction vertex. The machine learning solution is seamlessly integrated into a chain of pattern-recognition algorithms. The technique substantially outperforms the previous BDT-based solution, with a more than 20% increase in the efficiency of sub-1 cm vertex reconstruction across all neutrino flavours.}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {85}, number = {6}, publisher = {The European Physical Journal C}, author = {Abud, A Abed and Acciarri, R and Acero, M A and Adames, M R and Adamov, G and Adamowski, M and Adams, D and Adinolfi, M and Adriano, C and Aduszkiewicz, A and Aguilar, J and Akbar, F and Alemanno, F and Alex, N S and Allison, K and Alrashed, M and Alton, A and Alvarez, R and Alves, T and Aman, A and Amar, H and Amedo, P and Anderson, J and Andreopoulos, C and Andreotti, M and Andrews, M P and Andrianala, F and Andringa, S and Anjarazafy, F and Antic, D and Antoniassi, M and Antonova, M and Aranda-Fernandez, A and Arellano, L and Arrieta_Diaz, E and Arroyave, M A and Asaadi, J and Ashkenazi, A and Asner, D and Asquith, L and Atkin, E and Auguste, D and Aurisano, A and Aushev, V and Autiero, D and Ávila_Gómez, D and Azam, M B and Azfar, F and Back, A and Back, H and Back, J J and Bagaturia, I and Bagby, L and Baigarashev, D and Balasubramanian, S and Balboni, A and Baldi, P and Baldini, W and Baldonedo, J and Baller, B and Bambah, B and Banerjee, R and Barao, F and Barbu, D and Barenboim, G and Barham_Alzás, P and Barker, G J and Barkhouse, W and Barr, G and Barranco_Monarca, J and Barros, A and Barros, N and Barrow, D and Barrow, J L and Basharina-Freshville, A and Bashyal, A and Basque, V and Basu, D and Batchelor, C and Bathe-Peters, L and Battat, J_B R and Battisti, F and Bay, F and Bazetto, M_C Q and Bazo_Alba, J_L L and Beacom, J F and Bechetoille, E and Behera, B and Belchior, E and Bell, B and Bell, G and Bellantoni, L and Bellettini, G and Bellini, V and Beltramello, O and Benitez_Montiel, C and Benjamin, D and Bento_Neves, F and Berger, J and Berkman, S and Bernal, J and Bernardini, P and Bersani, A and Bertolini, E and Bertolucci, S and Betancourt, M and Betancur_Rodríguez, A and Bezawada, Y and Bezerra, A T and Bhat, A and Bhatnagar, V and Bhatt, J and Bhattacharjee, M and Bhattacharya, M and Bhuller, S and Bhuyan, B and Biagi, S and Bian, J and Biery, K and Bilki, B and Bishai, M and Blake, A and Blaszczyk, F D and Blazey, G C and Blucher, E and Bogart, B and Bogenschuetz, J and Boissevain, J and Bolognesi, S and Bolton, T and Bomben, L and Bonesini, M and Bonilla-Diaz, C and Booth, A and Boran, F and Borges_Merlo, R and Bostan, N and Botogoske, G and Bottino, B and Bouet, R and Boza, J and Bracinik, J and Brahma, B and Brailsford, D and Bramati, F and Branca, A and Brandt, A and Bremer, J and Brew, C and Brice, S J and Brio, V and Brizzolari, C and Bromberg, C and Brooke, J and Bross, A and Brunetti, G and Brunetti, M B and Buchanan, N and Budd, H and Buergi, J and Bundock, A and Burgardt, D and Butchart, S and Caceres_V, G and Cai, T and Calabrese, R and Calabrese, R and Calcutt, J and Calivers, L and Calvo, E and Caminata, A and Camino, A F and Campanelli, W and Campani, A and Campos_Benitez, A and Canci, N and Capó, J and Caracas, I and Caratelli, D and Carber, D and Carceller, J M and Carini, G and Carlus, B and Carneiro, M F and Carniti, P and Caro_Terrazas, I and Carranza, H and Carrara, N and Carroll, L and Carroll, T and Carter, A and Casarejos, E and Casazza, D and Castaño_Forero, J F and Castaño, F A and Castillo, A and Castromonte, C and Catano-Mur, E and Cattadori, C and Cavalier, F and Cavanna, F and Centro, S and Cerati, G and Cerna, C and Cervelli, A and Cervera_Villanueva, A and Chalifour, M and Chappell, A and Chatterjee, A and Chauhan, B and Chen, H and Chen, M and Chen, W C and Chen, Y and Chen, Z and Cherdack, D and Chhibra, S S and Chi, C and Chiapponi, F and Chirco, R and Chitirasreemadam, N and Cho, K and Choate, S and Choi, G and Chokheli, D and Chong, P S and Chowdhury, B and Christian, D and Chung, M and Church, E and Cicala, M F and Cicerchia, M and Cicero, V and 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Keener, P T and Kelly, K J and Keloth, R and Kemp, E and Kemularia, O and Kermaidic, Y and Ketchum, W and Kettell, S H and Khan, N and Khvedelidze, A and Kim, D and Kim, J and Kim, M J and Kim, S and King, B and King, M and Kirby, M and Kish, A and Klein, J and Kleykamp, J and Klustova, A and Kobilarcik, T and Koch, L and Koehler, K and Koerner, L W and Koh, D H and Kordosky, M and Kosc, T and Kostelecký, V A and Kothekar, K and Kotler, I and Kovalcuk, M and Krah, W and Kralik, R and Kramer, M and Kreczko, L and Krennrich, F and Kroupova, T and Kubota, S and Kubu, M and Kudryavtsev, V A and Kufatty, G and Kuhlmann, S and Kumar, J and Kumar, P and Kumar, P and Kumaran, S and Kunzmann, J and Kuravi, R and Kus, V and Kutter, T and Kvasnicka, J and Labree, T and Lackey, T and Lalău, I and Lambert, A and Land, B J and Lane, C E and Lane, N and Lang, K and Langford, T and Langstaff, M and Lanni, F and Larkin, J and Lasorak, P and Last, D and Laundrie, A and Laurenti, G and Lavaut, E and 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and Paton, J L and Patrick, C and Patrizii, L and Patterson, R B and Patzak, T and Paudel, A and Paul, J and Paulucci, L and Pavlovic, Z and Pawloski, G and Payne, D and Peake, A and Pec, V and Pedreschi, E and Peeters, S_J M and Pellico, W and Pennacchio, E and Penzo, A and Peres, O_L G and Perez_Gonzalez, Y F and Pérez-Molina, L and Pernas, C and Perry, J and Pershey, D and Pessina, G and Petrillo, G and Petta, C and Petti, R and Pfaff, M and Pia, V and Pickering, L and Pierini, L and Pietropaolo, F and Pimentel, V L and Pinaroli, G and Pincha, S and Pinchault, J and Pitts, K and Pletcher, K and Plows, K and Pollack, C and Pollmann, T and Pompa, F and Pons, X and Poonthottathil, N and Popov, V and Poppi, F and Porter, J and Porto_Paixão, L G and Potekhin, M and Pozzato, M and Pradhan, R and Prakash, T and Prest, M and Psihas, F and Pugnere, D and Pullia, D and Qian, X and Queen, J and Raaf, J L and Rabelhofer, M and Radeka, V and Rademacker, J and Radics, B and Raffaelli, F and Rafique, A and Raguzin, E and Rahe, A and Rajagopalan, S and Rajaoalisoa, M and Rakhno, I and Rakotondravohitra, L and Ralaikoto, M A and Ralte, L and Ramirez_Delgado, M A and Ramson, B and Randriamanampisoa, S S and Rappoldi, A and Raselli, G and Rath, T and Ratoff, P and Ray, R and Razafinime, H and Razakamiandra, R F and Rea, E M and Real, J S and Rebel, B and Rechenmacher, R and Reichenbacher, J and Reitzner, S D and Renner, E and Repetto, S and Rescia, S and Resnati, F and Restrepo, Diego and Reynolds, C and Ribas, M and Riboldi, S and Riccio, C and Riccobene, G and Ricol, J S and Rigan, M and Rikalo, A and Rincón, E V and Ritchie-Yates, A and Ritter, S and Rivera, D and Robert, A and Roberts, A and Robles, E and Rocabado_Rocha, J L and Roda, M and Rodrigues, M_J O and Rondon, J Rodriguez and Rosauro-Alcaraz, S and Rosier, P and Ross, D and Rossella, M and Rossi, M and Roy, N and Roy, P and Roy, P and Rubbia, C and Rudik, D and Ruggeri, A and Ruiz_Ferreira, G and Rushiya, K and Russell, B and Sacerdoti, S and Saduyev, N and Sahoo, S K and Sahu, N and Sakhiyev, S and Sala, P and Salmoria, G and Samanta, S and Samios, N and Sanchez, M C and Sánchez_Bravo, A and Sánchez-Castillo, A and Sanchez-Lucas, P and Sanders, D A and Sanfilippo, S and Santoro, D and Saoulidou, N and Sapienza, P and Sarcevic, I and Sarra, I and Savage, G and Savinov, V and Scanavini, G and Scaramelli, A and Scarff, A and Schefke, T and Schellman, H and Schifano, S and Schlabach, P and Schmitz, D and Schneider, A W and Scholberg, K and Schukraft, A and Schuld, B and Schwartz, S and Segade, A and Segreto, E and Senise, C R and Sensenig, J and Seppela, D and Shaevitz, M H and Shanahan, P and Sharma, P and Kumar, R and Sharma_Poudel, S and Shaw, K and Shaw, T and Shchablo, K and Shen, J and Shepherd-Themistocleous, C and Shi, J and Shi, W and Shin, S and Shivakoti, S and Shmakov, A and Shoemaker, I and Shooltz, D and Shrock, R and Siden, M and Silber, J and Simard, L and Sinclair, J and Sinev, 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Tamara, J and Tanaka, H A and Tang, S and Taniuchi, N and Tapia_Casanova, A M and Tapper, A and Tariq, S and Tarpara, E and Tatar, E and Tayloe, R and Tedeschi, D and Teklu, A M and Tena_Vidal, J and Tennessen, P and Tenti, M and Terao, K and Terranova, F and Testera, G and Thakore, T and Thea, A and Thomas, S and Thompson, A and Thorn, C and Thorpe, C and Timm, S C and Tiras, E and Tishchenko, V and Tiwari, S and Todorović, N and Tomassetti, L and Tonazzo, A and Torbunov, D and Torres_Muñoz, D and Torti, M and Tortola, M and Torun, Y and Tosi, N and Totani, D and Toups, M and Touramanis, C and Tran, D and Travaglini, R and Trevor, J and Triller, E and Trilov, S and Truchon, J and Truncali, D and Trzaska, W H and Tsai, Y and Tsai, Y-T and Tsamalaidze, Z and Tsang, K V and Tsverava, N and Tu, S Z and Tufanli, S and Tunnell, C and Turner, J and Tuzi, M and Tyler, J and Tyley, E and Tzanov, M and Uchida, M A and Ureña_González, J and Urheim, J and Usher, T and Utaegbulam, H and Uzunyan, S and Vagins, M R and Vahle, P and Valdiviesso, G A and Vale, V and Valencia, E and Valentim, R and Vallari, Z and Vallazza, E and Valle, J_W F and Van_Berg, R and Forero, D V and Vannozzi, A and Van_Nuland-Troost, M and Varanini, F and Vargas_Auccalla, T and Vargas_Oliva, D and Vaughan, N and Vaziri, K and Vázquez-Ramos, A and Vega, J and Vences, J and Ventura, S and Verdugo, A and Vergani, S and Verzocchi, M and Vetter, K and Vicenzi, M and Vieira_de_Souza, H and Vignoli, C and Vilela, C and Villa, E and Viola, S and Viren, B and Vizarreta, R and Vizcaya_Hernandez, A P and Vlachos, S and Vorobyev, G and Vuong, Q and Waldron, A V and Wallach, M and Walsh, J and Walton, T and Wan, L and Wang, B and Wang, H and Wang, J and Wang, L and Wang, M_H_L S and Wang, X and Wang, Y and Warburton, K and Warner, D and Warsame, L and Wascko, M O and Waters, D and Watson, A and Wawrowska, K and Weber, A and Weber, C M and Weber, M and Wei, H and Weinstein, A and Westerdale, S and Wetstein, M and Whalen, K and White, A and Whitehead, L H and Whittington, D and Wieler, F and Wilhlemi, J and Wilking, M J and Wilkinson, A and Wilkinson, C and Wilson, F and Wilson, R J and Winter, P and Wolcott, J and Wolfs, J and Wongjirad, T and Wood, A and Wood, K and Worcester, E and Worcester, M and Wresilo, K and Wrobel, M and Wu, S and Wu, W and Wu, W and Wurm, M and Wyenberg, J and Wynne, B M and Xiao, Y and Xiotidis, I and Yaeggy, B and Yahlali, N and Yandel, E and Yang, J and Yang, T and Yankelevich, A and Yates, L and Yonehara, K and Young, T and Yu, B and Yu, H and Yu, J and Yu, Y and Yuan, W and Zaki, R and Zalesak, J and Zambelli, L and Zamorano, B and Zani, A and Zapata, O and Zazueta, L and Zeller, G P and Zennamo, J and Zettlemoyer, J and Zeug, K and Zhang, C and Zhang, S and Zhao, M and Zhivun, E and Zimmerman, E D and Zucchelli, S and Zuklin, J and Zutshi, V and Zwaska, R}, }
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