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1. Tiered Approach to Resilience Assessment: Tiered Approach to Resilience Assessment

   https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12991  

   Linkov, Igor; Fox-Lent, Cate; Read, Laura; Allen, Craig R.; Arnott, James C.; Bellini, Emanuele; Coaffee, Jon; Florin, Marie-Valentine; Hatfield, Kirk; Hyde, Iain; et al (September 2018, Risk Analysis)
2. Rethinking resilience to wildfire

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0353-8  

   McWethy, David B.; Schoennagel, Tania; Higuera, Philip E.; Krawchuk, Meg; Harvey, Brian J.; Metcalf, Elizabeth C.; Schultz, Courtney; Miller, Carol; Metcalf, Alexander L.; Buma, Brian; et al (September 2019, Nature Sustainability)
3. Resilience analysis: a mathematical formulation to model resilience of engineering systems

   https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2017.1345257  

   Sharma, Neetesh; Tabandeh, Armin; Gardoni, Paolo (October 2017, Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure)
4. An Introduction to Protocol Driven Resilience

   https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-2724-3_1026-cd  

   C. Amodeo, Domenico; A. Francis, Royce (January 2019, Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference)

   The structure of engineered infrastructure systems can be represented by a layered architecture. The relationship between physical components of many types of these systems has been well studied and modelled. The engineered design of these systems can account for some of their characteristics such as robustness, flexibility, reliability. We believe that the resilience, or adaptive capacity, of these systems cannot be described merely by studying the engineered components of such systems. This requires studying what we refer to as the protocol layers. The protocol layer is where humans interact with the engineered elements of the system through the collection and processing of information with the aim of producing a control activity on the system. In the first part of this study we look at several formulations of a generic layered transportation system, to discuss the importance of protocols in adaptive capability. In the second part, we take a brief historical look at an important American intermodal inland waterway transportation system, The Tennessee Valley Authority. From this system we extract some basic protocol layers and discuss how the success or failure of this system has resulted from these protocol layers. 

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5. Assessing resilience of hospitals to cyberattack

   https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076211059366  

   Ghayoomi, Hadi; Laskey, Kathryn; Miller-Hooks, Elise; Hooks, Charles; Tariverdi, Mersedeh (January 2021, DIGITAL HEALTH)

   Objective This paper investigates the impact on emergency hospital services from initiation through recovery of a ransomware attack affecting the emergency department, intensive care unit and supporting laboratory services. Recovery strategies of paying ransom to the attackers with follow-on restoration and in-house full system restoration from backup are compared. Methods A multi-unit, patient-based and resource-constrained discrete-event simulation model of a typical U.S. urban tertiary hospital is adapted to model the attack, its impacts, and tested recovery strategies. The model is used to quantify the hospital's resilience to cyberattack. Insights were gleaned from systematically designed numerical experiments. Results While paying the ransom was found to result in some short-term gains assuming the perpetrators actually provide the decryption key as promised, in the longer term, the results of this study suggest that paying the ransom does not pay off. Rather, paying the ransom, when considered at the end of the event when services are fully restored, precluded significantly more patients from receiving critically needed care. Also noted was a lag in recovery for the intensive care unit as compared with the emergency department. Such a lag must be considered in preparedness plans. Conclusion Vulnerability to cyberattacks is a major challenge to the healthcare system. This paper provides a methodology for assessing the resilience of a hospital to cyberattacks and analyzing the effects of different response strategies. The model showed that paying the ransom resulted in short-term gains but did not pay off in the longer term. 

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