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Abstract Metal cation‐doped lead halide perovskite (LHP) quantum dots (QDs) with photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) higher than unity, due to quantum cutting phenomena, are an important building block of the next‐generation renewable energy technologies. However, synthetic route exploration and development of the highest‐performing QDs for device applications remain challenging. In this work, Smart Dope is presented, which is a self‐driving fluidic lab (SDFL), for the accelerated synthesis space exploration and autonomous optimization of LHP QDs. Specifically, the multi‐cation doping of CsPbCl3QDs using a one‐pot high‐temperature synthesis chemistry is reported. Smart Dope continuously synthesizes multi‐cation‐doped CsPbCl3QDs using a high‐pressure gas‐liquid segmented flow format to enable continuous experimentation with minimal experimental noise at reaction temperatures up to 255°C. Smart Dope offers multiple functionalities, including accelerated mechanistic studies through digital twin QD synthesis modeling, closed‐loop autonomous optimization for accelerated QD synthetic route discovery, and on‐demand continuous manufacturing of high‐performing QDs. Through these developments, Smart Dope autonomously identifies the optimal synthetic route of Mn‐Yb co‐doped CsPbCl3QDs with a PLQY of 158%, which is the highest reported value for this class of QDs to date. Smart Dope illustrates the power of SDFLs in accelerating the discovery and development of emerging advanced energy materials.
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This content will become publicly available on August 13, 2026
Regulating the Growth of Cesium Lead Bromide Quantum Dots at a Liquid/Liquid Interface Constrained in a Micropipette
Abstract Colloidal all‐inorganic lead halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs) are high‐performance light‐emitting materials with size‐dependent optical properties and can be readily synthesized by mixing ionic precursors. However, the low formation energy of the perovskite lattice makes their growth too fast to control under regular reaction conditions. Diffusion‐regulated CsPbBr3perovskite QD growth is reported on a nanometer‐sized liquid/liquid (L/L) interface supported in a micropipette tip without long‐chain organic ligands. The precursors are divided into two immiscible solutions across the L/L interface to avoid additional nucleation, and the QD growth kinetics are regulated by the constrained cationic diffusion field depending on the size of the micropipette tip. QDs with unprecedentedly small sizes (2.7 nm) are obtained due to the slowed‐down growth rates. The synthesis approach demonstrates the potential of micro‐controlled colloidal QD synthesis for mechanistic studies and micro‐fabrications.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2316919
- PAR ID:
- 10648420
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Small Methods
- Volume:
- 9
- Issue:
- 9
- ISSN:
- 2366-9608
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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