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1. Spectroscopic Confirmation of an Ultra-Massive Galaxy in a Protocluster at $z\sim 4.9$

   https://doi.org/10.33232/001c.120087  

   Urbano_Stawinski, Stephanie M; Cooper, M C; Forrest, Ben; Muzzin, Adam; Marchesini, Danilo; Wilson, Gillian; Gomez, Percy; McConachie, Ian; Marsan, Z Cemile; Annuziatella, Marianna; et al (June 2024, The Open Journal of Astrophysics)

   We present spectroscopic confirmation of an ultra-massive galaxy (UMG) with $log\left(M_{\star }/M_{\odot }\right)=10.98\pm 0.07$at $z_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}}=4.8947$in the Extended Groth Strip (EGS), based on deep observations of Ly $\alpha$emission with Keck/DEIMOS. The ultra-massive galaxy (UMG-28740) is the most massive member in one of the most significant overdensities in the EGS, with four additional photometric members with $log\left(M_{\star }/M_{\odot }\right)>10.5$within $R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{j}}\sim 1$cMpc. Spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting using a large suite of star formation histories and two sets of high-quality photometry from ground- and space-based facilities consistently estimates the mass of this object to be $log\left(M_{\star }/M_{\odot }\right)\sim 11$with a small standard deviation between measurements ( $\sigma =0.07$). While the best-fit SED models agree on stellar mass, we find discrepancies in the estimated star formation rate for UMG-28740, resulting in either a star-forming or quiescent system. $𝐽𝑊𝑆𝑇$/NIRCam photometry of UMG-28740 strongly favors a quiescent scenario, demonstrating the need for high-quality mid-IR observations. Assuming the galaxy to be quiescent, UMG-28740 formed the bulk of its stars at $z>10$and is quenching at $z\sim 8$, resulting in a high star formation efficiency at high redshift ( $ϵ\sim 0.2$at $z\sim 5$and $ϵ\gtrsim 1$at $z\gtrsim 8$). As the most massive galaxy in its protocluster environment, UMG-28740 is a unique example of the impossibly early galaxy problem. 

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2. Weak Gravitational Lensing around Low Surface Brightness Galaxies in the DES Year 3 Data

   https://doi.org/10.33232/001c.124536  

   Chicoine, N; Prat, J; Zacharegkas, G; Chang, C; Tanoglidis, D; Drlica-Wagner, A; Anbajagane, D; Adhikari, S; Amon, A; Wechsler, R H; et al (January 2024, The Open Journal of Astrophysics)

   We present galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements using a sample of low surface brightness galaxies (LSBGs) drawn from the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (Y3) data as lenses. LSBGs are diffuse galaxies with a surface brightness dimmer than the ambient night sky. These dark-matter-dominated objects are intriguing due to potentially unusual formation channels that lead to their diffuse stellar component. Given the faintness of LSBGs, using standard observational techniques to characterize their total masses proves challenging. Weak gravitational lensing, which is less sensitive to the stellar component of galaxies, could be a promising avenue to estimate the masses of LSBGs. Our LSBG sample consists of 23,790 galaxies separated into red and blue color types at $g-i\ge 0.60$and $g-i<0.60$, respectively. Combined with the DES Y3 shear catalog, we measure the tangential shear around these LSBGs and find signal-to-noise ratios of 6.67 for the red sample, 2.17 for the blue sample, and 5.30 for the full sample. We use the clustering redshifts method to obtain redshift distributions for the red and blue LSBG samples. Assuming all red LSBGs are satellites, we fit a simple model to the measurements and estimate the host halo mass of these LSBGs to be . We place a 95% upper bound on the subhalo mass at . By contrast, we assume the blue LSBGs are centrals, and place a 95% upper bound on the halo mass at $log\left(M_{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}}/M_{\odot }\right)<11.84$. We find that the stellar-to-halo mass ratio of the LSBG samples is consistent with that of the general galaxy population. This work illustrates the viability of using weak gravitational lensing to constrain the halo masses of LSBGs. 

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3. Describing hadronization via histories and observables for Monte-Carlo event reweighting

   https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhys.18.2.054  

   Bierlich, Christian; Ilten, Philip; Menzo, Tony; Mrenna, Stephen; Szewc, Manuel; Wilkinson, Michael K; Youssef, Ahmed; Zupan, Jure (February 2025, SciPost Physics)

   We introduce a novel method for extracting a fragmentation model directly from experimental data without requiring an explicit parametric form, called Histories and Observables for Monte-Carlo Event Reweighting (HOMER), consisting of three steps: the training of a classifier between simulation and data, the inference of single fragmentation weights, and the calculation of the weight for the full hadronization chain. We illustrate the use of HOMER on a simplified hadronization problem, aq\bar{q} $q\bar{q}$string fragmenting into pions, and extract a modified Lund string fragmentation functionf(z) $f\left(z\right)$. We then demonstrate the use of HOMER on three types of experimental data: (i) binned distributions of high-level observables, (ii) unbinned event-by-event distributions of these observables, and (iii) full particle cloud information. After demonstrating thatf(z) $f\left(z\right)$can be extracted from data (the inverse of hadronization), we also show that, at least in this limited setup, the fidelity of the extractedf(z) $f\left(z\right)$suffers only limited loss when moving from (i) to (ii) to (iii). Public code is available at https://gitlab.com/uchep/mlhad. 

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4. Measurement of exclusive $$J/\psi$$ and $$\psi(2S)$$ production at $$\sqrt{s}=13$$ TeV

   https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhys.18.2.071  

   Collaboration, LHCb; Aaij, Roel; Abdelmotteleb, Ahmed_Sameh Wagih; Abellan_Beteta, Carlos; Abudinèn, Fernando Jesus; Ackernley, Thomas; Adefisoye, Ayomide Matthew; Adeva, Bernardo; Adinolfi, Marco; Adlarson, Patrik Harri; et al (January 2025, SciPost Physics)

   Measurements are presented of the cross-section for the central exclusive production ofJ/\psi\to\mu^+\mu^- $J/\psi \to {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$and\psi(2S)\to\mu^+\mu^- $\psi \left(2S\right)\to {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$processes in proton-proton collisions at\sqrt{s} = 13 \ \mathrm{TeV} $\sqrt{s}=13TeV$with 2016–2018 data. They are performed by requiring both muons to be in the LHCb acceptance (with pseudorapidity2<\eta_{\mu^±} < 4.5 $2<{\eta }_{{\mu }^{\pm }}<4.5$) and mesons in the rapidity range2.0 < y < 4.5 $2.0<y<4.5$. The integrated cross-section results are\sigma_{J/\psi\to\mu^+\mu^-}(2.0 ${\sigma }_{J/\psi \to {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}}(2.0<y_{J/\psi }<4.5,2.0<{\eta }_{{\mu }^{\pm }}<4.5)=400\pm 2\pm 5\pm 12pb,{\sigma }_{\psi \left(2S\right)\to {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}}(2.0<y_{\psi \left(2S\right)}<4.5,2.0<{\eta }_{{\mu }^{\pm }}<4.5)=9.40\pm 0.15\pm 0.13\pm 0.27pb,$where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic and due to the luminosity determination. In addition, a measurement of the ratio of\psi(2S) $\psi \left(2S\right)$andJ/\psi $J/\psi$cross-sections, at an average photon-proton centre-of-mass energy of1\ \mathrm{TeV} $1TeV$, is performed, giving$ = 0.1763 ± 0.0029 ± 0.0008 ± 0.0039,$$ where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third due to the knowledge of the involved branching fractions. For the first time, the dependence of theJ/\psi$ $J/\psi$and\psi(2S) $\psi \left(2S\right)$cross-sections on the total transverse momentum transfer is determined inpp $pp$collisions and is found consistent with the behaviour observed in electron-proton collisions. 

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5. Higher-group symmetry in finite gauge theory and stabilizer codes

   https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhys.16.4.089  

   Barkeshli, Maissam; Chen, Yu-An; Hsin, Po-Shen; Kobayashi, Ryohei (January 2024, SciPost Physics)

   A large class of gapped phases of matter can be described by topological finite group gauge theories. In this paper, we show how such gauge theories possess a higher-group global symmetry, which we study in detail. We derive thed $d$-group global symmetry and its ’t Hooft anomaly for topological finite group gauge theories in(d+1) $(d+1)$space-time dimensions, including non-Abelian gauge groups and Dijkgraaf-Witten twists. We focus on the 1-form symmetry generated by invertible (Abelian) magnetic defects and the higher-form symmetries generated by invertible topological defects decorated with lower dimensional gauged symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases. We show that due to a generalization of the Witten effect and charge-flux attachment, the 1-form symmetry generated by the magnetic defects mixes with other symmetries into a higher group. We describe such higher-group symmetry in various lattice model examples. We discuss several applications, including the classification of fermionic SPT phases in (3+1)D for general fermionic symmetry groups, where we also derive a simpler formula for the[O_5] ∈ H^5(BG, U(1)) $\left[O_5\right]\in H^5(BG,U\left(1\right))$obstruction that has appeared in prior work. We also show how thed $d$-group symmetry is related to fault-tolerant non-Pauli logical gates and a refined Clifford hierarchy in stabilizer codes. We discover new logical gates in stabilizer codes using thed $d$-group symmetry, such as a controlled Z gate in the (3+1) D\mathbb{Z}_2 ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$toric code. 

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