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This paper presents the derivation of a general wave dispersion relation for warm magnetized plasma under the two-fluid formalism. The discussion is quite general except for the assumption of low frequency and slow phase speed, for which the displacement current is negligible, under the implicit assumption that the plasma is sufficiently dense to satisfy the condition ωpe>ωce, where ωpe and ωce denote the plasma oscillation frequency and electron gyro frequency, respectively. The present discussion does not invoke charge neutrality associated with the fluctuations although it is implicitly satisfied. The resulting dispersion relation that includes the fluid thermal effects shows that there are three eigen modes, which include those corresponding to ideal MHD, namely, fast, slow, and kinetic Alfvén waves, as well as higher-frequency modes including the ion and electron cyclotron and lower-hybrid resonances. The fluid effects in the ideal MHD wave branches are influenced by the finite Larmor radius scales, and when the wave number in the cross field direction is comparable to these values, the fluid effects become significant. It is found that the Larmor radius should be interpreted in the sense as ion-acoustic gyro-radius instead of ion thermal gyro radius only. That is, it is found that the electrons also contribute to the non-ideal effect associated with the kinetic Alfvén wave. A comprehensive explanation of the polarization of each mode is also presented. The present findings indicate that the polarity may change its sign only for the kinetic Alfvén mode branch and that such a transition is based on the propagation angle. When such a change does take place, it is found that the kinetic Alfvén wave transits to an ion-acoustic mode. For each branch, it is also found that the electric field along the ambient magnetic field is purely transverse.
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This content will become publicly available on November 24, 2026
The existence of non-resonant gyro lines and their detectability by Thomson scatter radars
Thomson scatter radars have successfully measured plasma parameters in the ionosphere for over 60 years. Fundamentally, the radars measure increased power returns when the Bragg scattering condition is met by a source of density fluctuations in the plasma. Typically, wave modes of the plasma provide the source of structuring, and the radars measure strong power returns at the ion line which is associated with the ion-acoustic mode, the gyro line which is associated with the electrostatic whistler mode, and the plasma line that comes from the Langmuir mode. However, the existence of an ion-acoustic mode or electrostatic whistler mode is not guaranteed in the ionosphere. In this study, a formalism is developed to explain non-resonant wave modes as features occurring at frequencies where the dielectric function has a local minimum as opposed to a root corresponding to the typical resonant wave mode. With this formalism, the frequency of non-resonant waves is numerically solved as a function of basic plasma parameters. By solving for minima of the dielectric function, the frequency and intensity of gyro lines is determined for a wide range of plasma temperatures and densities. This analysis explains why Arecibo gyro lines are typically weak in intensity and result from non-resonant waves. For VHF systems like EISCAT, gyro lines are shown to be strong spectral peaks corresponding to standard resonant solutions for electrostatic whistler waves.
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- PAR ID:
- 10653279
- Publisher / Repository:
- Front. Astron. Space Sci.
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences
- Volume:
- 12
- ISSN:
- 2296-987X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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