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Locusts exhibit an extreme form of phenotypic plasticity and can exist as two alternative phenotypes, known as solitarious and gregarious phases. These phases, which can transform from one to another depending on local population density, show distinctly different behavioural characteristics. The proximate mechanisms of behavioural phase polyphenism have been well studied in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria and the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, and what is known in these species is often treated as a general feature of locusts. However, this approach might be flawed, given that there are about 20 locust species that have independently evolved phase polyphenism. Using the Central American locust, Schistocerca piceifrons as a study system, we characterised the time-course of behavioural phase change using standard locust behavioural assays, using both a logistic regression-based model and analyses of separate behavioural variables. We found that for nymphs of S. piceifrons, solitarisation was a relatively fast, two-step process, but that gregarisation was a much slower process. Additionally, the density of the gregarisation treatment seemed to have no effect on the rate of phase change. These data are at odds with what we know about the time-course of behavioural phase change in S. gregaria, suggesting that the mechanisms of locust phase polyphenism in these two species are different and may not be phylogenetically constrained. Our study represents the most in-depth study of behavioural gregarisation and solitarisation in locusts to date.
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This content will become publicly available on December 9, 2026
To jump or not to jump: Comparing effects of phenotypic plasticity on the visual responses and escape behavior of locusts and grasshoppers
Locusts exhibit remarkable phenotypic plasticity changing their appearance and behavior from solitary to gregarious when population density increases. These changes include morphological differences in the size and shape of brain regions, but little is known about plasticity within individual neurons and alterations in behavior not directly related to aggregation or swarming. We investigated looming escape behavior and the properties of a well-studied collision-detection neuron in gregarious and solitarious animals of three closely related species, the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), the Central American locust (S. piceifrons) and the American bird grasshopper (S. americana). For this neuron, the lobula giant movement detector (LGMD), we examined dendritic morphology, membrane properties, gene expression, and looming responses. Gregarious animals reliably jumped in response to looming stimuli, but surprisingly solitarious desert locusts did not produce escape jumps. These solitarious animals also had smaller LGMD dendrites. This is the first study done on three different species of grasshoppers to observe the effects of phenotypic plasticity on the jump escape behavior, physiology and transcriptomics of these animals. Unexpectedly, there were little differences in these properties between the two phases except for behavior. For the three species, gregarious animals jumped more than solitarious animals, but no significant differences were found between the two phases of animals in the electrophysiological and transcriptomics studies of the LGMD. Our results suggest that phase change impacts mainly the motor system and that the physiological properties of motor neurons need to be characterized to understand fully the variation in jump escape behavior across phases.
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- PAR ID:
- 10655529
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Physiological Society
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- ISSN:
- 0022-3077
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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