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Abstract Computational thinking is acknowledged as an essential competency for everyone to learn. However, teachers find it challenging to implement the existing learning approaches in K-12 settings because the existing approaches often focus on teaching computing concepts and skills (i.e., programming skills) rather than on helping students develop their computational thinking competency—a competency that can be used across disciplinary boundaries in accordance with curriculum requirements. To address this need, the current study investigated how game-based learning influenced middle school students’ learning processes, particularly on the development of computational thinking competency, self-efficacy toward computational thinking, and engagement during gameplay. Additionally, the study examined how these outcomes were moderated by individual differences. We observed evidence that the gaming experience influenced students’ computational thinking self-efficacy, but not computational thinking competency or game-based engagement. Compared to age (grade) and prior gaming experience, gender tended to play a more important role in moderating students’ computational thinking competency, self-efficacy toward computational thinking competency, and game-based engagement. Implications and possible directions for future research regarding using game-based learning to enhance computational thinking competency are discussed.
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This content will become publicly available on April 30, 2026
Plan to learn: Improving middle school students' computational thinking through game-based learning
Game-based learning shows great potential as a tool for enhancing students’ computational thinking abilities. However, these approaches in K-12 settings frequently emphasize the teaching of specific computing concepts and programming skills. This approach often overlooks the broader goal of developing students’ computational thinking competency—a set of skills that can be applied across various subjects and aligns with curriculum standards. To address this need, the current study investigated how game-based learning influenced middle school students’ learning performance. One hundred sixty-nine students participated in the study, playing the game over a period of 4 weeks. We observed evidence that the gaming experience significantly influenced the development of computational thinking competency, self-efficacy toward computational thinking, and interest in STEM career after gameplay.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1933848
- PAR ID:
- 10656505
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, US.
- Date Published:
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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