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Abstract A linear two-layer model is used to elucidate the role of prognostic moisture on quasigeostrophic (QG) motions in the presence of a mean thermal wind (). Solutions to the basic equations reveal two instabilities that can explain the growth of moist QG systems. The well-documented baroclinic instability is characterized by growth at the synoptic scale (horizontal scale of ~1000 km) and systems that grow from this instability tilt against the shear. Moisture–vortex instability—an instability that occurs when moisture and lower-tropospheric vorticity exhibit an in-phase component—exists only when moisture is prognostic. The instability is also strongest at the synoptic scale, but systems that grow from it exhibit a vertically stacked structure. When moisture is prognostic andis easterly, baroclinic instability exhibits a pronounced weakening while moisture vortex instability is amplified. The strengthening of moisture–vortex instability at the expense of baroclinic instability is due to the baroclinic () component of the lower-tropospheric flow. In westward-propagating systems, lower-tropospheric westerlies associated with an easterlyadvect anomalous moisture and the associated convection toward the low-level vortex. The advected convection causes the vertical structure of the wave to shift away from one that favors baroclinic instability to one that favors moisture–vortex instability. On the other hand, a westerlyreinforces the phasing between moisture and vorticity necessary for baroclinic instability to occur. Based on these results, it is hypothesized that moisture–vortex instability is an important instability in humid regions of easterlysuch as the South Asian and West African monsoons.
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This content will become publicly available on July 1, 2026
Caribbean Easterly Waves: Structure, Thermodynamics, and Instability Mechanisms
Abstract Caribbean easterly waves (CEWs) propagate in an environment that is distinct from that of other easterly waves since it exhibits substantial westerly vertical wind shear. In spite of this distinction, their structure, propagation, and growth have not received much attention. A linear regression analysis reveals that these systems exhibit features consistent with moisture modes that are destabilized by moisture–vortex instability. They exhibit large moisture fluctuations and are in weak temperature gradient (WTG) balance, and moist static energy (MSE) growth is partly driven by meridional mean MSE advection by the anomalous winds. However, its circulation tilts vertically against the mean shear, a feature that is often associated with baroclinic instability. To reconcile these differences, a linear stability analysis employing a moist two-layer model is performed using a basic state that resembles the Caribbean Sea during boreal summer. The unstable wave solution from this analysis exhibits a structure that resembles observed CEWs. Excluding the upper troposphere from the stability analysis has little impact on the propagation and growth of the wave, and its circulation still exhibits a westward tilt in height. Thus, baroclinic instability is not the main growth mechanism of CEWs despite their structural similarity to baroclinic waves. Instead, the instability is largely rooted in how the lower-tropospheric circulation interacts with water vapor, as expected from moisture mode theory. These results suggest that tilting against the shear should not be used as the sole diagnostic for baroclinic instability. Baroclinic instability is unlikely to be a primary driver of growth for most oceanic tropical-depression-type waves, in agreement with previous work. Significance StatementThe environment in which Caribbean easterly waves propagate has a vertical wind shear that is like that seen in the midlatitudes, with winds becoming more westerly with height. Furthermore, the center of low pressure of the waves shifts toward the west, as in deepening midlatitude weather systems. This wave structure and shear is different from easterly waves that occur in other regions. However, in spite of the similarity to midlatitude weather systems, we show that Caribbean easterly waves mostly grow from moisture transports in the lower atmosphere. Thus, in spite of the distinct environment and wave structure, Caribbean easterly waves are driven by the same processes as other tropical easterly waves. These results underscore the importance of water vapor in driving tropical circulations. They also indicate that the processes that govern the growth of midlatitude weather may be of less importance in the tropics, even in regions that suggest otherwise.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2236433
- PAR ID:
- 10658176
- Publisher / Repository:
- AMS
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
- Volume:
- 82
- Issue:
- 7
- ISSN:
- 0022-4928
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1451 to 1465
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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