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1. Rebound of shelf water salinity in the Ross Sea

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13083-8  

   Castagno, Pasquale; Capozzi, Vincenzo; DiTullio, Giacomo R.; Falco, Pierpaolo; Fusco, Giannetta; Rintoul, Stephen R.; Spezie, Giancarlo; Budillon, Giorgio (December 2019, Nature Communications)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) supplies the lower limb of the global overturning circulation and ventilates the abyssal ocean. In recent decades, AABW has warmed, freshened and reduced in volume. Ross Sea Bottom Water (RSBW), the second largest source of AABW, has experienced the largest freshening. Here we use 23 years of summer measurements to document temporal variability in the salinity of the Ross Sea High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW), a precursor to RSBW. HSSW salinity decreased between 1995 and 2014, consistent with freshening observed between 1958 and 2008. However, HSSW salinity rebounded sharply after 2014, with values in 2018 similar to those observed in the mid-late 1990s. Near-synchronous interannual fluctuations in salinity observed at five locations on the continental shelf suggest that upstream preconditioning and large-scale forcing influence HSSW salinity. The rate, magnitude and duration of the recent salinity increase are unusual in the context of the (sparse) observational record. 

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2. Gridded Ocean Observatories Initiative Washington Offshore Profiler Mooring (CE09OSPM) Conductivity–Temperature–Depth (CTD) and dissolved oxygen data, 2014 – 2025

   https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15627742  

   Risien, Craig; Desiderio, Russell; Fram, Jonathan; Dever, Edward (January 2025, Zenodo)

   This data set consists of 3,244 gridded, daily averaged temperature, practical salinity, potential density, and dissolved oxygen profiles. These profiles were collected from October 2014 to May 2025 by the NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative Washington Offshore Profiler Mooring (CE09OSPM) located at 46.8517°N, 124.982°W between approximately 35 and 510 meters water depth using a McLane® Moored Profiler (MMP). The MMP was equipped with a Sea-Bird Scientific 52-MP (SBE 52-MP) CTD instrument and an associated Sea-Bird Scientific (SBE 43F) dissolved oxygen sensor. Raw binary data files [C*.DAT (CTD data); E*.DAT (engineering data plus auxiliary sensor data) and A*.DAT (current meter data)] were converted to ASCII text files using the McLane® Research Laboratories, Inc. Profile Unpacker v3.10 application. Dissolved oxygen calibration files for each of the twenty deployments were downloaded from the Ocean Observatories Initiative asset-management GitHub® repository.  The unpacked C*.TXT (CTD data); E*.TXT (engineering data plus auxiliary sensors) and A*.TXT (current meter data) ASCII data files associated with each deployment were processed using a MATLAB® toolbox that was specifically created to process OOI MMP data. The toolbox imports MMP A*.TXT, C*.TXT, and E*.TXT data files, and applies the necessary calibration coefficients and data corrections, including adjusting for thermal-lag, flow, and sensor time constant effects. mmp_toolbox calculates dissolved oxygen concentration using the methods described in Owens and Millard (1985) and Garcia and Gordon (1992). Practical salinity and potential density are derived using the Gibbs-SeaWater Oceanographic Toolbox. After the corrections and calculations for each profile are complete, the data are binned in space to create a final, 0.5-dbar binned data set. The more than 24,000 individual temperature, practical salinity, pressure, potential density, and dissolved oxygen profiles were temporally averaged to form the final, daily averaged data set presented here. Using the methods described in Risien et al. (2023), daily temperature, practical salinity, potential density, and dissolved oxygen climatologies were calculated for each 0.5-dbar depth bin using a three-harmonic fit (1, 2, and 3 cycles per year) based on the 10-year period January 2015 to December 2024. 

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3. Water temperature and salinity profiles from the Ocean Observatories Initiative Global Irminger Sea Array Apex profiler mooring from September 2014 to May 2020 (NCEI Accession 0285241)

   https://doi.org/10.25921/wzvr-fk49  

   Le_Bras, Isabela (January 2023, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information)

   This dataset is comprised of processed and edited temperature and salinity profiles from the OOI (Ocean Observatories Initiative) Global Irminger Sea Array Apex profiler mooring from September 2014 to May 2020 (https://oceanobservatories.org/array/global-irminger-sea-array/). The original dataset (including physical units) is available at https://ooinet.oceanobservatories.org/data_access/?search=GI02HYPM-WFP02-00-WFPENG000. Methods: Vertical profile data were gridded using 5 m depth intervals taking the mean of upward and downward profiles. Salinity spikes were removed using a threshold of 0.01 over 5 m. Any salinity bins fresher than 34.72 were then removed. Salinity biases were corrected by referencing to a potential temperature of 2.5C, which was the deepest, most consistently sampled potential temperature of the dataset (Toole et al. 2017). The reference salinity at the reference isotherm was chosen to be 34.93 based on calibrated shipboard CTD measurements taken near the mooring on the OOI mooring service cruises from 2014 to 2019 (dataset references below). Salinity was calibrated by first subtracting the reference salinity from the raw value at the reference isotherm and then finding the ratio between this difference and the reference salinity. This gain correction was then multiplied by the full profile to produce the final salinity. The salinity is anchored to the reference salinity at the deep reference isotherm and this dataset should be used knowing that this is not necessarily realistic in this area of deep water mass formation. Caution should be used looking at properties near the reference isotherm. However, the salinity biases in the raw data are significant and without correction this time series is discontinuous whenever the mooring is replaced. The patterns in the upper part of the water column agree with nearby measurements (de Jong et al., 2023). Final Data: All data are included in a single NetCDF file, ‘OOI_Irm_HYPM_cal_21Mar2021_NCEIannotated_15Nov2023.nc’. The included fields are: time [days since 2000-01-01], depth [meters], practical salinity ‘sal’ [psu], in-situ temperature ‘temp’ [C], latitude [degrees north], and longitude [degrees east]. The Gibbs Seawater oceanographic toolbox (McDougall et al., 2011) was used to calculate all variables. 

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4. Mooring data from Harrison Bay, Alaska, July-August 2021

   https://doi.org/10.18739/A2PK0739T  

   Eidam, Emily (January 2025, NSF Arctic Data Center)

   Four small coastal moorings were deployed in water depths of ~5-6 meters (m) on the Colville Delta front and one site farther west for a period of approximately one week in Jul/Aug 2021. Moorings were outfitted with sensors to collect a variety of data including water levels (at all sites), turbidity/total suspended solids, water velocity, salinity, temperature, and light intensity. Light intensity measurements were also collected from a vessel-mounted sensor (included in the MM3 data package) to allow for calculation of light attenuation at the mooring. These data are described more fully in a companion publication (Eidam, "Summertime water and particle properties on an ice-influenced Arctic shelf", in prep as of March 2025). 

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5. Atlantic meridional overturning circulation observed by the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS (RAPID-Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array-Western Boundary Time Series) array at 26N from 2004 to 2023 (v2023.1).

   https://doi.org/10.5285/223b34a3-2dc5-c945-e063-7086abc0f274  

   Moat, Ben I; Smeed, David; Rayner, Darren; Johns, William E; Smith, Ryan H; Volkov, Denis L; Elipot, Shane; Petit, Tillys; Kajtar, Jules B; Baringer, Molly O; et al (September 2024, NERC EDS British Oceanographic Data Centre NOC)

   The RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS (RAPID-Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array-Western Boundary Time Series) programme has produced a continuous time series of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 26N that started in April 2004. This release of the time series covers the period from April 2004 to February 2023. The 26N AMOC time series is derived from measurements of temperature, salinity, pressure and water velocity from an array of moored instruments that extend from the east coast of the Bahamas to the continental shelf off Africa east of the Canary Islands. The AMOC calculation also uses estimates of the transport in the Florida Strait derived from sub-sea cable measurements calibrated by regular hydrographic cruises. The component of the AMOC associated with the wind driven Ekman layer is derived from ERA5 reanalysis. This release of the data includes a document with a brief description of the calculation of the AMOC time series and references to more detailed description in published papers. The 26N AMOC time series and the data from the moored array are curated by the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC). The RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS programme is a joint effort between NERC in the UK (Principal Investigator Ben Moat since 2021, Eleanor Frajka-Williams since 2020 to 2021, David Smeed 2012 to 2020, and Stuart Cunningham from 2004 to 2012), NOAA (PIs Ryan Smith and Denis Volkov) and NSF (PIs Prof. Bill Johns and Prof. Shane Elipot, Uni. Miami) in the USA. 

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