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The Arf-family GTPases can switch on a central actin regulator named the WAVE Complex to promote actin polymerization. 

Pore size, external shape, and internal complexity of additively manufactured porous titanium scaffolds are three primary determinants of cell viability and structural strength of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. To obtain an optimal design with the combination of all three determinants, four scaffolds each with a unique topology (external geometry and internal structure) were designed and varied the pore sizes of each scaffold 3 times. For each topology, scaffolds with pore sizes of 300, 400, and 500 µm were designed. All designed scaffolds were additively manufactured in material Ti6Al4V by the direct metal laser melting machine. Compression test was conducted on the scaffolds to assure meeting minimum compressive strength of human bone. The effects of pore size and topology on the cell viability of the scaffolds were analyzed. The 12 scaffolds were ultrasonically cleaned and seeded with NIH3T3 cells. Each scaffold was seeded with 1 million cells. After 32 days of culturing, the cells were fixed for their three-dimensional architecture preservation and to obtain scanning electron microscope images.