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Free, publicly-accessible full text available January 1, 2025
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Outdoor-to-indoor (OtI) signal propagation further challenges link budgets at millimeter-wave (mmWave). To gain insight into OtI mmWaveat28GHz, we conducted an extensive measurement campaign consisting of over 2,000 link measurements in West Harlem, NewYorkCity, covering seven highly diverse buildings. A path loss model constructed over all links shows an average of 30dB excess loss over free space at distances beyond 50m. We find the type of glass to be the dominant factor in OtI loss, with 20dB observed difference between clustered scenarios with low- and high-loss glass. Other factors, such as difference in floor height, are found to have an impact between 5ś10dB. We show that for urban buildings with high-loss glass, OtI data rates up to 400Mb/s are supported for 90% of indoor users by a base station (BS) up to 49m away. For buildings with low-loss glass, such as our case study covering multiple classrooms of a public school, data rates over 2.8/1.4Gb/s are possible from a BS 68/175m away when a line-of-sight path is available. We expect these results to be useful for the deployment of OtI mmWave networks in dense urban environments and the development of scheduling and beam management algorithms.more » « less