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Abstract Lyαemitters (LAEs) are star-forming galaxies that efficiently probe the spatial distribution of galaxies in the high-redshift Universe. The spatial clustering of LAEs reflects the properties of their individual host dark matter halos, allowing us to study the evolution of the galaxy–halo connection. We analyze the clustering of 5233, 5220, and 3706 LAEs atz= 2.4, 3.1, and 4.5, respectively, in the 9 deg²COSMOS field from the One-hundred-deg²DECam Imaging in Narrowbands survey. After correcting for redshift-space distortions, LAE contamination rates, and the integral constraint, the observed angular correlation functions imply linear galaxy bias factors ofb= $1.72_{-0.27}^{+0.26},2.01_{-0.29}^{+0.26},$and $2.95_{-0.46}^{+0.40}$forz= 2.4, 3.1, and 4.5, respectively. The median dark matter halo masses inferred from these measurements are $\log (M_h/M_{\odot })$= $11.44_{-0.28}^{+0.30},11.13_{-0.26}^{+0.26},\mathrm{and}10.85_{-0.24}^{+0.24}$for the three samples, respectively. The analysis also reveals that LAEs occupy roughly 3%–7% of the halos whose clustering strength matches that of the LAEs. 

Context.We identified and analysed massive quiescent galaxies (MQGs) atz ≈ 3.1 within the 2 deg²COSMOS field and explored the effect of the galaxy environment on quenching processes. By examining the variation in the quenched fraction and physical properties of these galaxies in different environmental contexts, including local densities, protoclusters, and cosmic filaments, we investigated the connection between environmental factors and galaxy quenching at cosmic noon. Aims.We selected MQGs atz ≈ 3.1 using deep photometric data from the COSMOS2020 catalogue combined with narrow-band-selected Lyman-αemitters (LAEs) from the One-hundred-square-degree DECam Imaging in Narrowbands (ODIN) survey. We performed a spectral energy distribution fitting using the code BAGPIPES to derive the star formation histories and quenching timescales. We constructed Voronoi-tessellation density maps using LAEs, and we independently selected galaxies photometrically to characterize the galaxy environments. Methods.We identified 24 MQGs atz ≈ 3.1, each of which has a stellar mass higher than 10^10.6 M_⊙. These MQGs share remarkably uniform star-formation histories, with intense starburst phases followed by rapid quenching within short timescales (≤400 Myr). The consistency of these quenching timescales suggests a universal and highly efficient quenching mechanism in this epoch. We found no significant correlation between environmental density (either local or large scale) and galaxy quenching parameters such as the quenching duration, the quenched fraction, or the timing. MQGs show no preferential distribution with respect to protoclusters or filaments compared to massive star-forming galaxies. Some MQGs reside close to gas-rich filaments, but show no evidence of rejuvenated star formation. This implies gas-heating mechanisms and not gas exhaustion. These results indicate that the quenching processes atz ≈ 3.1 likely depend little on the immediate galaxy environment. Results.Our findings suggest that environmental processes alone, such as galaxy mergers, interactions, or gas stripping, cannot fully explain the galaxy quenching atz ≈ 3.1. Internal mechanisms such as feedback from AGN, stellar feedback, virial shock heating, or morphological quenching instead play an important role in quenching. Future spectroscopic observations must confirm the quiescent nature and precise redshifts of these galaxies. Observational studies of gas dynamics, gas temperature, and ionisation conditions within and around MQGs will also clarify the physical mechanisms driving galaxy quenching during this critical epoch of galaxy evolution. 

Aims.We investigate the physical properties and redshift evolution of simulated galaxies residing in unvirialized cosmic structures (i.e., protoclusters) at cosmic noon, to understand the influence of the environment on galaxy formation. This work is intended to build clear expectations for the ongoing ODIN (One-hundred-deg²DECam Imaging in Narrowbands) survey, which is mapping large-scale structures atz= 2.4,3.1, and 4.5 using Lyα-emitting galaxies (LAEs) as tracers. Methods.From the IllustrisTNG simulations, we define subregions centered on the most massive clusters ranked by total stellar mass atz= 0 and study the properties of galaxies within, including those of LAEs. To model the LAE population, we take a semi-analytical approach that assigns Lyαluminosity and equivalent width based on the UV luminosities to galaxies in a probabilistic manner. We investigate stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), major merger events, and specific star formation rate of the population of star-forming galaxies and LAEs in the field- and protocluster environment and trace their evolution across cosmic time betweenz= 0−4. Results.We find that the overall shape of the UV luminosity function in simulated protocluster environments is characterized by a substantially shallower faint-end slope and a large excess on the bright end, signaling different formation histories for galaxies therein. The difference is milder for the Lyαluminosity function. While protocluster galaxies follow the same SFR-M_★scaling relation as average field galaxies, a larger fraction appears to have experienced major mergers in the last 200 Myr and as a result shows enhanced star formation at a ≈60% level, leading to a flatter distribution in both SFR and M_★relative to galaxies in the average field. We find that protocluster galaxies, including LAEs, begin to quench much earlier (z∼0.8−1.6) than field galaxies (z∼0.5−0.9); our result is in qualitative agreement with recent observational results and highlights the importance of large-scale environment on the overall formation history of galaxies. 

Abstract The One-hundred-deg²DECam Imaging in Narrowbands (ODIN) survey is carrying out a systematic search for protoclusters during Cosmic Noon, using Lyα-emitting galaxies (LAEs) as tracers. Once completed, ODIN aims to identify hundreds of protoclusters at redshifts of 2.4, 3.1, and 4.5 across seven extragalactic fields, covering a total area of up to 91 deg². In this work, we report the high clustering strength of the ODIN protoclusters, determined via measurements of their cross-correlation with LAEs. Our sample consists of 150 protocluster candidates atz = 2.4 and 3.1, identified in two ODIN fields with a total area of 13.9 deg². Atz = 2.4 and 3.1, the inferred protocluster biases are $6.6_{-1.1}^{+1.3}$and $6.1_{-1.1}^{+1.3}$, corresponding to mean halo masses of $\log 〈M/M_{\odot }〉=13.53_{-0.24}^{+0.21}$and $12.96_{-0.33}^{+0.28}$, respectively. By the present day, these protoclusters are expected to evolve into virialized galaxy clusters with a mean mass of ∼10^14.5M_⊙. By comparing the observed number density of protoclusters to that of halos with the same measured clustering strength, we find that the completeness of our sample is of order unity. Finally, the similar descendant masses derived for our samples atz= 2.4 and 3.1, assuming that the halo number density remains constant, suggest that they represent similar structures observed at different cosmic epochs. As a consequence, any observed differences between the two samples can be understood as redshift evolution. The ODIN protocluster samples will thus provide valuable insights into the cosmic evolution of cluster galaxies. 

Abstract In this work, we test the frequent assumption that Lyα-emitting galaxies (LAEs) are experiencing their first major burst of star formation at the time of observation. To this end, we identify 74 LAEs from the ODIN Survey with rest-UV-through-NIR photometry from UVCANDELS. For each LAE, we perform nonparametric star formation history (SFH) reconstruction using the Dense Basis Gaussian-process-based method of spectral energy distribution fitting. We find that a strong majority (67%) of our LAE SFHs align with the frequently assumed archetype of a first major star formation burst, with at most modest star formation rates (SFRs) in the past. However, the rest of our LAE SFHs have significant amounts of star formation in the past, with 28% exhibiting earlier bursts of star formation, with the ongoing burst having the highest SFR (dominant bursts) and the final 5% having experienced their highest SFR in the past (nondominant bursts). Combining the SFHs indicating first and dominant bursts, ∼95% of LAEs are experiencing their largest burst yet: a formative burst. We also find that the fraction of total stellar mass created in the last 200 Myr is ∼1.3 times higher in LAEs than in mass-matched Lyman break galaxy (LBG) samples, and that a majority of LBGs are experiencing dominant bursts, reaffirming that LAEs differ from other star-forming galaxies. Overall, our results suggest that multiple evolutionary paths can produce galaxies with strong observed Lyαemission. 

Abstract Line flux ratios from [O ii] doublets can probe electron densities in the interstellar medium of galaxies. We employ the Southern African Large Telescope’s (SALT) Robert Stobie Spectrograph (RSS), which provides sufficient resolution (R ∼ 3000) to split the [O ii] doublets, to target galaxies from Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment and One-hundred-deg²DECam Imaging in Narrowbands with emission line fluxes of at least 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ erg cm⁻² s⁻¹. Reduction is carried out using RSSMOSPipeline to reduce SALT-RSS data through wavelength calibration. Despite SALT-RSS being known for its difficulty to flux calibrate, we present spectra that have been flux calibrated using alignment stars with Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectra as standards. We combine multiple spectroscopic settings to obtain full 2D spectra across a wavelength range of 3500–9500 Å. A 1D spectrum can then be extracted to calculate flux ratios and line widths, revealing important physical properties of these bright [O ii]-emitters. 

Abstract We describe the survey design and science goals for One-hundred-deg²DECam Imaging in Narrowbands (ODIN), a NOIRLab survey using the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) to obtain deep (AB ∼ 25.7) narrowband images over an unprecedented area of sky. The three custom-built narrowband filters,N419,N501, andN673, have central wavelengths of 419, 501, and 673 nm and respective FWHM of 7.5, 7.6, and 10.0 nm, corresponding to Lyαatz= 2.4, 3.1, and 4.5 and cosmic times of 2.8, 2.1, and 1.4 Gyr, respectively. When combined with even deeper, public broadband data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam, DECam, and in the future, the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, the ODIN narrowband images will enable the selection of over 100,000 Lyα-emitting (LAE) galaxies at these epochs. ODIN-selected LAEs will identify protoclusters as galaxy overdensities, and the deep narrowband images enable detection of highly extended Lyαblobs (LABs). Primary science goals include measuring the clustering strength and dark matter halo connection of LAEs, LABs, and protoclusters, and their respective relationship to filaments in the cosmic web. The three epochs allow for the redshift evolution of these properties to be determined during the period known as Cosmic Noon, where star formation was at its peak. The narrowband filter wavelengths are designed to enable interloper rejection and further scientific studies by revealing [Oii] and [Oiii] atz= 0.34, Lyαand Heii1640 atz= 3.1, and Lyman continuum plus Lyαatz= 4.5. Ancillary science includes similar studies of the lower-redshift emission-line galaxy samples and investigations of nearby star-forming galaxies resolved into numerous [Oiii] and [Sii] emitting regions.