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Neuronal signals mediated by the biogenic amine serotonin underlie critical survival strategies across the animal kingdom. This investigation identified a group of serotonergic cells in the panpulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata that appear to be homologous to neurons that mediate withdrawal responses in other gastropod taxa. It is proposed that an ancient withdrawal circuit has been highly conserved in three major gastropod lineages. 

Community monitoring can track environmental phenomena, resource use, and natural resource management processes of concern to community mem- bers. It can also contribute to planning and decision-making and empower community members in resource management. While community moni- toring that addresses the environmental crisis is growing, it also gathers data on other global challenges: climate change, social welfare, and health. Some environmental community monitoring programs are challenged by limited collective action and community participation, insufficient state re- sponsiveness to data and proposals, and lack of sustainability over time. Addi- tionally, community members monitoring the environment are increasingly harassed and sometimes killed. Community monitoring is more effective with improved data collection, improved data management and sharing, and stronger efforts to meet community information needs, enable conflict resolution, and strengthen self-determination. Other promising areas for development are further incorporating governance issues, embracing integrated approaches at the community level, and establishing stronger links to national and global frameworks.