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Abstract High-pressure electrical resistivity measurements reveal that the mechanical deformation of ultra-hard WB 2 during compression induces superconductivity above 50 GPa with a maximum superconducting critical temperature, T c of 17 K at 91 GPa. Upon further compression up to 187 GPa, the T c gradually decreases. Theoretical calculations show that electron-phonon mediated superconductivity originates from the formation of metastable stacking faults and twin boundaries that exhibit a local structure resembling MgB 2 (hP3, space group 191, prototype AlB 2 ). Synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements up to 145 GPa show that the ambient pressure hP12 structure (space group 194, prototype WB 2 ) continues to persist to this pressure, consistent with the formation of the planar defects above 50 GPa. The abrupt appearance of superconductivity under pressure does not coincide with a structural transition but instead with the formation and percolation of mechanically-induced stacking faults and twin boundaries. The results identify an alternate route for designing superconducting materials. 

Ascomycota, the most speciose phylum of fungi, is a complex entity, comprising three diversesubphyla: Pezizomycotina, Saccharomycotina, and Taphrinomycotina. The largest and most diversesubphylum, Pezizomycotina, is a rich tapestry of 16 classes and 171 orders. Saccharomycotina, thesecond largest subphylum, is a diverse collection of seven classes and 12 orders, whileTaphrinomycotina, the smallest, is a unique assembly of six classes and six orders. Over the pastdecade, numerous taxonomic studies have focused on the generic, family, and class classifications ofAscomycota. These efforts, well-documented across various databases, are crucial for acomprehensive understanding of the classification. However, the study of taxonomy at the ordinallevel, a crucial tier in the taxonomic hierarchy, has been largely overlooked. In a global collaborationwith mycologists and lichenologists, this study presents the first comprehensive information on theorders within Pezizomycotina and Taphrinomycotina. The recent taxonomic classification ofSaccharomycotina has led to the exclusion of this subphylum from the present study, as an immediaterevision is not necessary. Each order is thoroughly discussed, highlighting its historical significance,current status, key identification characteristics, evolutionary relationships, ecological and economicroles, future recommendations, and updated family-level classification. Teaching diagrams for thelife cycles of several orders, viz. Asterinales, Helotiales, Hypocreales, Laboulbeniales, Meliolales,Mycosphaerellales, Ophiostomatales, Pezizales, Pleosporales, Phyllachorales, Rhytismatales,Sordariales, Venturiales, Xylariales (Pezizomycotina) and Pneumocystidales,Schizosaccharomycetales and Taphrinales (Taphrinomycotina) are provided. Each diagram is explained with a representative genus/genera of their sexual and asexual cycles of each order. WithinPezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes contains the highest number of orders, with 57, followed bySordariomycetes (52 orders), Lecanoromycetes (21 orders), Eurotiomycetes and Leotiomycetes (12orders each), Laboulbeniomycetes (3 orders), and Arthoniomycetes and Xylonomycetes (2 orderseach). Candelariomycetes, Coniocybomycetes, Geoglossomycetes, Lichinomycetes, Orbiliomycetes,Pezizomycetes, Sareomycetes, and Xylobotryomycetes each contain a single order, whileThelocarpales and Vezdaeales are treated as incertae sedis within Pezizomycotina. Notably, theclasses Candelariomycetes, Coniocybomycetes, Geoglossomycetes, Sareomycetes, andXylonomycetes, all recently grouped under Lichinomycetes, are treated as separate classes based onphylogenetic analysis and current literature. Within Lecanoromycetes, the synonymization ofSporastatiales with Rhizocarpales and Sarrameanales with Schaereriales is not supported in thephylogenetic analysis. These orders are retained separately, and the justifications are provided undereach section as well as in the discussion. Within Leotiomycetes, the order Medeolariales, which wasonce considered part of Helotiales, is treated as a distinct order based on phylogenetic evidence. Theclassification of Medeolariales may change as more data becomes available from different generegions. Lahmiales (Leotiomycetes) is not included in the phylogenetic analysis due to a lack ofmolecular data. Sareomycetes and Xylonomycetes are treated as separate classes. Spathulosporamixed with Lulworthiales and the inclusion of Spathulosporales within Lulworthiomycetidae issupported and extant molecular sampling is important to resolve the phylogenetic boundaries ofmembers of this subclass. The majority of the classes of Pezizomycotina and Taphrinomycotinaformed monophyletic clades in the phylogenetic analysis conducted based on SSU, LSU, 5.8S, TEFand RPB2 sequence data. However, Arthoniomycetes nested with the basal lineage ofDothideomycetes and formed a monophyletic clade also known as the superclass, Dothideomyceta.In Taphrinomycotina, a single order is accepted within each class. 

Last year, the report of Room-Temperature Superconductivity in high-pressure carbonaceous sulfur hydride marked a major milestone in the history of physics: one of the holy grails of condensed matter research was reached after more than one century of continuing efforts. This long path started with Neil Ashcroft’s and Vitaly Ginzburg’s visionary insights on high-temperature superconductivity in metallic hydrogen in the 60’s and 70’s, and has led to the current hydride fever, following the report of high-Tc high-pressure superconductivity in H3S in 2014. This Roadmap collects selected contributions from many of the main actors in this exciting chapter of condensed matter history. Key for the rapid progress of this field has been a new course for materials discovery, where experimental and theoretical discoveries proceed hand in hand. The aim of this Roadmap is not only to offer a snapshot of the current status of superconductor materials research, but also to define the theoretical and experimental obstacles that must be overcome for us to realize fully exploitable room temperature superconductors, and foresee future strategies and research directions. This means improving synthesis techniques, extending first-principles methods for superconductors and structural search algorithms for crystal structure predictions, but also identifying new approaches to material discovery based on artificial intelligence.