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The concept of a pyroelectrochemical cell (PEC) as a self-charging power source for Internet of Things (IoT) sensors is explored through experimentation and simulation.

 

Flexoelectricity offers an energy harvesting alternative to piezoelectric materials. Although flexoelectricity is generally weak in most materials, recent findings show that bending a semiconductor with insulating barrier layers could induce a significantly enhanced flexoelectric response. We call this effect the Space Charge Induced Flexoelectric (SCIF) effect. This study explores the induced polarization resulting from free charge redistribution in a doped silicon beam. To understand the underlying physics, a 3D numerical model combining flexoelectric principles and the drift-diffusion theory of semiconduction was developed. The effective flexoelectric coefficient was computed by comparing the differential charge accumulation at the top and bottom of the beam and compared that with the experimental observations. 

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is widely used in energy harvesting because of its excellent material properties. However, as the material contains lead, there are significant environmental concerns with its production and use. Flexoelectricity refers to the coupling between strain gradient and electric polarization that exists, in principle, in all dielectric materials and would allow for energy harvesting without using piezoelectric materials. However, the effect is very weak in most materials. Promisingly, it has recently been shown that space charge polarized materials (i.e., semiconducting materials with insulating barrier layers) can exhibit enhanced flexoelectricity. This space charge induced flexoelectric effect opens up the possibility of a non-toxic replacement for PZT in energy harvesting applications. In this paper we investigate the use of doped silicon with hafnium oxide insulating layers as flexoelectric transducers that could replace PZT in many applications including energy harvesting. Specifically, we experimentally demonstrate flexoelectricity in a bending beam and show an effective flexoelectric coefficient of 4.9 uC/F. Finally, we develop and demonstrate a finite element model for flexoelectricity. 

Abstract Wireless power transfer (WPT) has received increasing attention primarily as a means of recharging batteries in the last few decades. More recently, magnetoelectric (ME) structures have been investigated as alternative receiving antennas in WPT systems. ME structures can be particularly useful for small scale devices since their optimal size is much smaller than traditional receiving coils for a given operating frequency. WPT systems using ME laminate receivers have been shown to be helpful in wirelessly powering various sensors and biomedical implants. In recent years, a large number of studies have been conducted to improve the performance of ME composites, in which various configurations have been proposed, along with the use of different magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials. In addition, many efforts have been devoted to miniaturizing ME devices. An essential obstacle to overcome is to eliminate the need for a DC bias field that is commonly required for the operation of ME structures. In this review paper, we will discuss the basic principle of ME effects in composites, materials currently in use, various ME receiver structures, performance measures, limitations, challenges, and future perspectives for the field of WPT. Furthermore, we propose a power figure of merit which we use to compare recent ME WPT research papers.