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Optical phased arrays (OPAs) are key enabling elements for solid-state LiDAR (light detection and ranging) and three-dimensional (3-D) imaging without bulk mechanical moving parts [1]. Solid state LiDARs are highly sought after for self-driving cars and autonomous vehicles [2,]. OPA's are also instrumental for free-space communications [3], optical switches [4], and holographic displays [5]. OPAs are capable of sophisticated beamforming such as scanning and simultaneous pointing/tracking of multiple objects. Narrow beam divergence and large field of views (FOVs) are desirable for these applications.more » « less
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