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Ion beam milling can selectively remove a hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer from a silicon wafer surface and effectively regulate the position of surface nanobubbles when immersed in water. The cover illustrates the concept of top-down positioning of surface nanobubbles at sub-100 nm length scale for the first time. 

Ion beam milling can selectively remove a hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer from a silicon wafer surface and effectively regulate the position of surface nanobubbles when immersed in water. The cover illustrates the concept of top-down positioning of surface nanobubbles at sub-100 nm length scale for the first time. 

Surface nanobubbles forming on hydrophobic surfaces in water present an exciting opportunity as potential agents of top-down and bottom-up nanopatterning. The formation and characteristics of surface nanobubbles are strongly influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the substrate. In this study, focused ion beam (FIB) milling is used for the first time to spatially control the nucleation of surface nanobubbles with 75 nm precision. The spontaneous formation of nanobubbles on alternating lines of a self-assembled monolayer (octadecyltrichlorosilane) patterned by FIB is detected by atomic force microscopy. The effect of chemical vs topographical surface heterogeneity on the formation of nanobubbles is investigated by comparing samples with OTS coating applied pre- vs post-FIB patterning. The results confirm that nanoscale FIB-based patterning can effectively control surface nanobubble position by means of chemical heterogeneity. The effect of FIB milling on nanobubble morphology and properties, including contact angle and gas oversaturation, is also reported. Molecular dynamics simulations provide further insight into the effects of FIB amorphization on surface nanobubble formation. Combined experimental and simulation investigations offer insights to guide future nanobubble-based patterning using FIB milling. 

The mechanical response of Al-substituted LLZO to compressive forces was measured using instrumented indentation testing. Large correlated variations in compressive strength are observed across microscale regions of the solid electrolyte. 

The concept of a pyroelectrochemical cell (PEC) as a self-charging power source for Internet of Things (IoT) sensors is explored through experimentation and simulation. 

This work explores a novel approach for improving the sodium-ion battery performance of coal char using flash pyrolysis and an ether-based electrolyte. Coal char is an ultra-low cost hard carbon with promising application as an anode material in sodium-ion batteries. During flash pyrolysis, char is heated at 1000 °C/s in a drop-tube furnace to create a highly-irregular structure. The larger d-spacing and smaller closed micropore diameter of flash-pyrolyzed char increases anode capacity compared to traditional slow-pyrolyzed char electrodes. The sodium-ion battery anode performance of flash-pyrolyzed char is further improved using an ether-based electrolyte in place of the traditional ester-based electrolyte. Performance improvements include greater initial Coulombic efficiency (58% in ester- vs. 64% in ether-based electrolyte) and improved specific capacity in an ether-based electrolyte. Overall, the combination of flash pyrolysis and ether-based electrolyte increases the sodium-ion battery discharge capacity of coal char by over 50%, from 72.5 mAh g−1 (slow-pyrolyzed char in ester-based electrolyte) to 109.4 mAh g−1 (flash-pyrolyzed char in ether-based electrolyte) (50 mA g−1 discharge rate). The results highlight improvements that can be realized through flash pyrolysis of coal char for battery applications and the numerous processing advantages of flash vs. slow pyrolysis. 

Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) provide high power density and long cycle life energy storage. This work examines the use of inexpensive, raw coal char as an electrode material for supercapacitors. The effect of electrolyte composition on the performance of coal char supercapacitors is explored for the first time to determine the relative contributions of double-layer capacitance vs. faradaic reactions on total charge storage. Six electrolytes are examined with coal char electrodes, including: four aqueous electrolytes (0.5 M H 2 SO 4 , 6 M KOH, 0.5 M Na 2 SO 4 , 4 M LiNO 3 ); a water-in-salt electrolyte using 13 m NaClO 4 ; and an ionic liquid electrolyte (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile). Voltage range, specific capacitance, electrochemical impedance, and charge–discharge characteristics of the coal char in the different electrolytes are characterized. The results indicate that neutral aqueous, water-in-salt, and ionic liquid electrolytes present a charging/discharging process approaching ideal EDLC behavior. The study provides insight into the optimal electrolyte composition for use with coal char electrodes and contributes to the current understanding of electrode-electrolyte interactions in carbon supercapacitors. 

Multi-stage fluidic reaction schemes for suspended particles (e.g., micro/nanospheres, cells, bacterial species, and extracellular vesicles) underly a diversity of chemical and biological applications. Conventional methods for executing such protocols can be exceedingly time, labor, and/or cost intensive. Microfluidic strategies can address these drawbacks; however, such technologies typically rely on clean room-based microfabrication that suffer from similar deficits for manufacturing the chips. To simultaneously overcome these challenges, here we explore the use of the submicron-scale additive manufacturing approach, “Two-Photon Direct Laser Writing (DLW)”, as a means for fabricating micro-fluidic “Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD)” arrays capable of passively guiding suspended particles across discrete, adjacent flow streams—the fundamental capability of continuous-flow multi-stage particle microreactors. Experimental results from microfluidic experimentation with 5 μm-in-diameter fluorescent particles revealed effective particle transport across flow streams, with 87.5% of fluorescent peaks detected in the designated, opposing outlet following the DLD array. These results suggest utility of the presented approach for micro- and nanoparticle-based microfluidic reactors targeting wide-ranging chemical and biological applications.