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Abstract Despite extensive development of flexible pressure sensors, it is still difficult for them to simultaneously achieve high precision and a large response to subtle pressures. To address these challenges, this work demonstrates a flexible pressure sensing platform that features the reduced graphene oxide aerogel sandwiched between a polydimethylsiloxane encapsulation layer and a thin polyimide film with interdigital electrodes. The resulting pressure sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 698.96 kPa⁻¹and a low limit of detection (~ 1 Pa), and outstanding stability over 20,000 loading/unloading cycles. Besides monitoring various physiological signals and human motions, the flexible pressure sensors can be configured into an array layout as a smart artificial electronic skin to recognize the spatial pressure distribution. The flexible pressure sensor can also be integrated with signal processing and wireless communication modules as a teleoperation system for gesture recognition, force feedback control, and kitchen food recognition, highlighting future potential toward smart robotics and human–machine interfaces. 

Abstract Mimicking the human eye’s ability to autonomously adapt to diverse and mixed illumination conditions remains a fundamental challenge in artificial vision systems. Although substantial progress has been made in materials and device engineering, current adaptive vision architectures still depend heavily on complex circuitry or algorithms and are typically restricted to uniform illumination owing to the strong intensity-dependence of photosensitivity. Here, this work presents a highly adaptive TiO₂/PEDOT:PSS photomemristor that leverages the tunable conductivity of PEDOT:PSS together with the optoelectronic response of TiO₂. The photothermal effect dynamically modulates the water absorption/desorption equilibrium in PEDOT:PSS, enabling reversible suppression or enhancement of photosensitivity under bright or dim illumination, respectively. By combining with artificial neural networks (ANNs), the artificial vision system based on TiO₂/PEDOT:PSS photomemristor arrays achieves a high accuracy of 91.3% in image recognition under mixed-light conditions—without the need for complex circuitry or algorithms. This work may establish a new approach for designing autonomous, efficient, and high-performance neuromorphic vision systems to advance the development of autonomous driving and humanoid robots. 

ABSTRACT Soft sensors have shown great promise in emerging fields such as wearable electronics, soft robotics, personalized healthcare, and human‐machine interaction. However, their practical deployment remains limited due to signal interference and cross‐sensitivity arising from simultaneous mechanical and environmental stimuli. To address these challenges, this review presents an overview of recent signal decoupling strategies for accurate and stable sensing. First, approaches for suppressing interference from individual physical parameters, such as stretching, bending, temperature, humidity, pressure, and light, are discussed. Next, array‐level crosstalk elimination techniques are reviewed to ensure reliable spatial resolution. Furthermore, advanced strategies based on spatiotemporal separation and machine learning are summarized for decoupling complex and coupled input signals. These approaches offer promising routes to simplify sensor design, reduce system complexity, and enhance signal fidelity. Finally, remaining challenges and future directions are discussed to guide the development of high‐performance, scalable, and integrable sensing systems. 

ABSTRACT Biosensor plays a vital role in the analysis of pesticide residues, but the efficiency of sensing substrate is still a challenging. In this work, a multiple interface‐based confinement strategy was demonstrated to simultaneously boost photoelectrochemical (PEC) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) responses for acetamiprid detection accompanying with intramolecular DNA wheel nanostructures as signal amplification and PtPd‐CoSnO₃nanocubes as quenchers. Due to the confinement effect and multiple light reflections between CdS nanoparticles, SiO₂, and NaYF₄:Yb/Tm, CdS@SiO₂@NaYF₄:Yb/Tm core–shell nanocomposites possessed fast electron transfer and high light utilization, yielding enhanced PEC and ECL responses. The peroxidase‐mimicking catalytic precipitation property and the broad‐spectrum absorption of PtPd‐CoSnO₃nanocubes realized the simultaneous quench of PEC and ECL signals. Impressively, nicking endonuclease (NEase)‐based DNA wheel nanostructures were quite beneficial to the low background interference and the efficient dynamic signal amplification. As a result, the proposed dual‐mode biosensor achieved acetamiprid detection in a range of 1 fM to 1 nM with detection limit of 0.31 fM (PEC detection) and 0.42 fM (ECL detection). Moreover, satisfactory results were also obtained in the analysis of real samples with remarkable selectivity, stability and reproducibility, establishing the biosensor as a dependable approach for precise pesticides detection. 

Abstract L‐cysteine plays a significant role in numerous physiological processes in the human body health, and monitoring its level has important clinical implications. However, L‐cysteine tests are limited to invasive blood drawing and a time‐consuming laboratory process, which also fails to give real‐time and continuous results. This study introduces a flexible electrochemical sensor based on a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) molecular receptor and catalytic titanium oxide‐modified carbon cloth (MPTS/TiO₂/CC). The MPTS and TiO₂modification serve as the artificial antibody through thiol interactions and the charge transfer layer, respectively, which is further confirmed by density function theory (DFT) calculations. The flexible L‐cysteine sensor based on MPTS/TiO₂/CC shows a wide linear range of up to 500 µmand an ultra‐low limit of detection of 0.046 µm. A sweat patch consisting of an electrochemical sensing unit, a laser‐fabricated microfluidic channel, and a miniaturized electrochemical workstation affords real‐time monitoring of L‐cysteine detection in dynamic environments and reveals the strong correlation between sweat and blood L‐cysteine concentrations. The introduction of molecular receptors and band alignment may offer a general way of designing sensitive, specific electrochemical sensors for point‐of‐care diagnosis. 

Abstract Although continuous and non‐invasive measurements of sweat biomarkers may provide vital health information, sweat collection often involves intense physical activities or chemical/thermal stimuli. The natural body sweat during endogenous metabolic or stress processes, secreted at much lower rates at rest, may be continuously analyzed using microfluidic devices integrated with hydrophilic rigid fillers; however, the sweat uptake and accumulation in thermoregulatory processes take too long for near‐real‐time measurements. This work provides an innovative body fluid collection strategy using a granular hydrogel scaffold (GHS), facilitating osmotic and capillary effects to uptake and transfer an ultralow amount of sweat into a microfluidic device at rest. Taken together with a spiral microfluidic channel, the GHS‐embedded microfluidics reduce the evaporation of collected sweat and store it in a sensing well for near‐real‐time measurements. Integrating the sweat‐collecting system with an enzymatic gold‐graphene nanocomposite‐modified laser‐induced graphene (LIG) electrode and a LIG‐based pH sensor enables the accurate continuous on‐body detection of sweat lactate during normal daily activities at a low perspiration rate. The novel combination of a GHS‐integrated microfluidic system with a low‐cost, flexible, sensitive, and stable LIG‐based sensing system provides an accessible technology for sweat‐based biosensing during normal daily activities. 

Abstract The cost‐effective and scalable synthesis and patterning of soft nanomaterial composites with improved electrical conductivity and mechanical stretchability remains challenging in wearable devices. This work reports a scalable, low‐cost fabrication approach to directly create and pattern crumpled porous graphene/NiS₂nanocomposites with high mechanical stretchability and electrical conductivity through laser irradiation combined with electrodeposition and a pre‐strain strategy. With modulated mechanical stretchability and electrical conductivity, the crumpled graphene/NiS₂nanocomposite can be readily patterned into target geometries for application in a standalone stretchable sensing platform. By leveraging the electrical energy harvested from the kinetic motion from wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and stored in micro‐supercapacitor arrays (MSCAs) to drive biophysical sensors, the system is demonstrated to monitor human motions, body temperature, and toxic gas in the exposed environment. The material selections, design strategies, and fabrication approaches from this study provide functional nanomaterial composites with tunable properties for future high‐performance bio‐integrated electronics. 

Abstract Nanomaterial‐based stretchable electronics composed of conductive nanomaterials in elastomer can seamlessly integrate with human skin to imperceptibly capture electrophysiological signals. Despite the use of transfer printing to form embedded structures, it remains challenging to facilely and stably integrate conductive nanomaterials with thin, low‐modulus, adhesive elastomers. Here, a facile‐yet‐simple laser‐induced graphene (LIG)‐assisted patterning and transfer method is demonstrated to integrate patterned silver nanowires onto an ultra‐low modulus silicone adhesive as ultra‐conformal epidermal electrodes. The resulting thin epidermal electrodes of ≈50 µm exhibit a low sheet resistance (0.781 Ω sq⁻¹), tissue‐like Young's modulus (0.53 MPa), strong self‐adhesion, and excellent breathability. The breathable electrodes dynamically conformed to the skin with low contact impedance allow for long‐term, high‐fidelity monitoring of electrophysiological signals in complex environments (even during exercise and heavy sweating). Moreover, the LIG‐assisted transfer can provide a robust interface to establish a stable connection between the soft electrodes and rigid hardware. The large‐scale fabrication further provides an eight‐channel electromyography system combined with a deep learning algorithm for gesture classification and recognition with remarkable accuracy (95.4%). The results from this study also provide design guidelines and fabrication methods of the next‐generation epidermal electronics for long‐term dynamic health monitoring, prosthetic control, and human‐robot collaborations. 

Abstract Silk nanofibers (SNFs) from abundant sources are low‐cost and environmentally friendly. Combined with other functional materials, SNFs can help create bioelectronics with excellent biocompatibility without environmental concerns. However, it is still challenging to construct an SNF‐based composite with high conductivity, flexibility, and mechanical strength for all SNF‐based electronics. Herein, this work reports the design and fabrication of Ti₃C₂Tx‐silver@silk nanofibers (Ti3C2Tx‐Ag@SNF) composites with multi‐dimensional heterogeneous conductive networks using combined in situ growth and vacuum filtration methods. The ultrahigh electrical conductivity of Ti₃C₂T_x‐Ag@SNF composites (142959 S m⁻¹) provides the kirigami‐patterned soft heaters with a rapid heating rate of 87 °C s⁻¹. The multi‐dimensional heterogeneous network further allows the creation of electromagnetic interference shielding devices with an exceptionally high specific shielding effectiveness of 10,088 dB cm⁻¹. Besides working as a triboelectric layer to harvest the mechanical energy and recognize the hand gesture, the Ti₃C₂T_x‐Ag@SNF composites can also be combined with an ionic layer to result in a capacitive pressure sensor with a high sensitivity of 410 kPa⁻¹in a large range due to electronic‐double layer effect. The applications of the Ti₃C₂T_x‐Ag@SNF composites in recognizing human gestures and human‐machine interfaces to wirelessly control a trolley demonstrate the future development of all SNF‐based electronics. 

Abstract Stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) represent a new class of energy‐harvesting devices for powering wearable devices. However, most of them are associated with poor stretchability, low stability, and limited substrate material choices. This work presents the design and demonstration of highly stretchable and stable TENGs based on liquid metalel ectrodes with different phases. The conductive and fluidic properties of eutectic gallium‐indium (EGaIn) in the serpentine microfluidic channel ensure the robust performance of the EGaIn‐based TENG upon stretching over several hundred percent. The bi‐phasic EGaIn (bGaIn) from oxidation lowers surface tension and increases adhesion for printing on diverse substrates with high output performance parameters. The optimization of the electrode shapes in the bGaIn‐based TENGs can reduce the device footprint and weight, while enhancing stretchability. The applications of the EGaIn‐ and bGaIn‐based TENG include smart elastic bands for human movement monitoring and smart carpets with integrated data transmission/processing modules for headcount monitoring/control. Combining the concept of origami in the paper‐based bGaIn TENG can reduce the device footprint to improve output performance per unit area. The integration of bGaIn‐TENG on a self‐healing polymer substrate with corrosion resistance against acidic and alkaline solutions further facilitates its use in various challenging and extreme environments.