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Abstract Matrix reduction is the standard procedure for computing the persistent homology of a filtered simplicial complex withmsimplices. Its output is a particular decomposition of the total boundary matrix, from which the persistence diagrams and generating cycles are derived. Persistence diagrams are known to vary continuously with respect to their input, motivating the study of their computation for time-varying filtered complexes. Computing persistence dynamically can be reduced to maintaining a valid decomposition under adjacent transpositions in the filtration order. Since there are$$O(m^2)$$ $O\left(m^2\right)$such transpositions, this maintenance procedure exhibits limited scalability and is often too fine for many applications. We propose a coarser strategy for maintaining the decomposition over a 1-parameter family of filtrations. By reduction to a particular longest common subsequence problem, we show that the minimal number of decomposition updatesdcan be found in$$O(m \log \log m)$$ $O(mloglogm)$time andO(m) space, and that the corresponding sequence of permutations—which we call aschedule—can be constructed in$$O(d m \log m)$$ $O(dmlogm)$time. We also show that, in expectation, the storage needed to employ this strategy is actually sublinear inm. Exploiting this connection, we show experimentally that the decrease in operations to compute diagrams across a family of filtrations is proportional to the difference between the expected quadratic number of states and the proposed sublinear coarsening. Applications to video data, dynamic metric space data, and multiparameter persistence are also presented. 

Abstract We introduce $$\varepsilon $$ -approximate versions of the notion of a Euclidean vector bundle for $$\varepsilon \geq 0$$ , which recover the classical notion of a Euclidean vector bundle when $$\varepsilon = 0$$ . In particular, we study Čech cochains with coefficients in the orthogonal group that satisfy an approximate cocycle condition. We show that $$\varepsilon $$ -approximate vector bundles can be used to represent classical vector bundles when $$\varepsilon> 0$$ is sufficiently small. We also introduce distances between approximate vector bundles and use them to prove that sufficiently similar approximate vector bundles represent the same classical vector bundle. This gives a way of specifying vector bundles over finite simplicial complexes using a finite amount of data and also allows for some tolerance to noise when working with vector bundles in an applied setting. As an example, we prove a reconstruction theorem for vector bundles from finite samples. We give algorithms for the effective computation of low-dimensional characteristic classes of vector bundles directly from discrete and approximate representations and illustrate the usage of these algorithms with computational examples. 

Datasets with non-trivial large scale topology can be hard to embed in low-dimensional Euclidean space with existing dimensionality reduction algorithms. We propose to model topologically complex datasets using vector bundles, in such a way that the base space accounts for the large scale topology, while the fibers account for the local geometry. This allows one to reduce the dimensionality of the fibers, while preserving the large scale topology. We formalize this point of view and, as an application, we describe a dimensionality reduction algorithm based on topological inference for vector bundles. The algorithm takes as input a dataset together with an initial representation in Euclidean space, assumed to recover part of its large scale topology, and outputs a new representation that integrates local representations obtained through local linear dimensionality reduction. We demonstrate this algorithm on examples coming from dynamical systems and chemistry. In these examples, our algorithm is able to learn topologically faithful embeddings of the data in lower target dimension than various well known metric-based dimensionality reduction algorithms.