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## Kamchatka M8.8 Earthquake and Tsunamis Reach Across the Pacific to NSF’s OOI Regional Cabled Array   Deborah Kelley1, Joe Duprey1, Wendi Ruef1, and W. Chadwick2   1University of Washington, 2Oregon State University   On July 29 at 23:24:52 UTC, a powerful magnitude 8.8 earthquake struck the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, unleashing seismic energy and a tsunami that surged across the Pacific Ocean. This extraordinary event was captured in remarkable detail by the NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative’s (OOI) Regional Cabled Array—a seafloor observatory located offshore Oregon and Washington and one of the world’s most advanced underwater monitoring networks, with over 150 instruments transmitting real-time data to shore at the speed of light.   At 23:33:15, the seismic waves from the Kamchatka earthquake reached Axial Seamount, located nearly 300 miles west of the Oregon coast and almost a mile beneath the ocean’s surface, having crossed the entire Pacific in just nine minutes. The vibrations were so intense they rattled a seafloor instrument continuously for over four hours (a,b).   Then, at 06:03:00 UTC on July 30—6 hours and 30 minutes after the quake—the first tsunami waves arrived at Axial Seamount (c). Ultra-sensitive pressure sensor on bottom pressure tilt instruments picked up the waves with astonishing clarity. Lower-resolution sensors across the array also tracked the tsunami’s journey toward the UW west coast. Racing at speeds of 270 miles per hour, the first wave swept across the Juan de Fuca Plate and over the Cascadia Subduction Zone, eventually reaching seafloor monitoring instruments at the Oregon Shelf site just 14 miles offshore from Newport, Oregon. The OOI Regional Cabled Array instruments showed that the Pacific Ocean reverberated with smaller waves for several days after the first tsunami waves arrived—echoes of one of the most powerful seismic events ever recorded.   This event highlights not only the dynamic nature of our planet and the seismic and tsunami hazards that we have to be prepared for in the Pacific Northwest, but also the incredible capability of modern science to observe and understand these kinds of events—in real time from deep beneath the ocean’s surface, and the value of such monitoring to coastal communities.   ## Bottom Pressure and Tilt Meter Notes BOTPT LILY tiltmeter data (csvs) are curated by William Chadwick. The tilt units are microradians, or µrad.   BOTPT-MJ03F-BPR-29July-to-01Aug2025-15sec.csv Date/Time, Pressure (psi) with tides, De-tided Depth (m) - from 29 July @ 00:00 to 01 August @ 00:00, and a record every 15 seconds (from the NANO bottom pressure sensor)   BOTPT-MJ03F-LILY-tilt-data-29-30July2025-01sec.csv Date/Time, X-tilt, Y-tilt - from 29 July @ 00:00 to 30 July @ 23:13, and a record every 1 second (from the LILY tiltmeter)   ## Where to find Additional Data Additional data from the included sensors prior to and after the event, or from OOI's many co-located sensors can be obtained through the OOI data portal https://ooinet.oceanobservatories.org/ , the OOI data explorer https://dataexplorer.oceanobservatories.org/ or OOI's M2M API service https://oceanobservatories.org/m2m/.   ## Contact Information jduprey@uw.edu   This material is based upon work supported by the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI), a major facility fully funded by the US National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement No. 2244833, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution OOI Program Office. 

This repository provides direct covariance (DC) surface stess and heat flux collected on four Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Moorings. The zip file contain turbulent and radiative fluxes saved as matlab *.mat data files together with near surface meteorological and oceanic data.  The data was collected with an FDCHP (aka a Direct Covariance Flux System or DCFS) deployed on four surface moorings in the Global Irminger Sea and Southern Ocean, and the Coastal Pioneer and Endurance Arrays. The 10 Hz flux data is collected every hour for 20 minutes. The DCFS motion corrects the 3-axis sonic anemometer using 3-axis accelerometers, angular rate sensors, and heading closely following the approach described by Edson et al. (1998). The motion corrected data provides many variables including the along-wind and cross-wind components of the stress vector.  The heat flux is computed from the sonic temperature that closely approximates the virtual temperature.  These fluxes and associated means are described in the readme file (readmeFluxdata_rev3).  The also data includes a test program (TestProgram) that reads in the data from one of the deployment in the Irminger Sea and plots the DC fluxes against the bulk fluxes. The bulk fluxes are computed using COARE 3.5 algorithm (Edson et al. 2013), which is also included as a matlab script (coare35vn.m).  In this example, the test program uses data from the Irminger Sea array, but should work with any of the data sets in the repository. Everything is in matlab, so you will need some experience with this language. This readme file describes all variables and begins with a description of the Status Byte named Sbyte. The best data is associated with Sbyte=1 as shown by the test program. Please contact ooi@whoi.edu or jedson@whoi.edu with questions.  Please include the NSF OOI references given below in any publication that uses this data. 

Two Lab-on-Chip sensors, one measuring nitrate + nitrite (here after nitrate) and one measuring silicic acid (here after silicate), were deployed on the Ocean Observing Initiative (OOI) Southern Ocean Array surface mooring at a depth of approximately 12m on the near surface instrument frame in the southeast Pacific Ocean (-54 N, -89W). The nitrate sensor operated as expected for the full deployment period (6/12/2018 to 19/1/2020), collecting daily measurements. The silicate sensor operated as expected for almost ten months (until 1/10/2019), collecting up to four measurements per day. The OOI surface mooring was deployed in December 2018 on research cruise DY096 and recovered in January 2020 on research cruise DY112. The sensors and associated research cruises (DY096 and DY112) were supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) RoSES Carbon Uptake and Seasonal Trends in Antarctic Remineralisation Depth (CUSTARD) project. This material is based upon work supported by the Ocean Observatories Initiative, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). 

The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) deployed both the In-Situ Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (ISUS) and Submersible Underwater Nitrate Sensor (SUNA) for continuous, in-situ measurement of nitrate. At the Pioneer-New England Shelf Array (Pioneer-NES), ISUS/SUNA sensors were deployed at 7-meters depth at the Inshore (ISSM), Central (CNSM), and Offshore (OSSM) Surface Mooring locations. The SUNA sensor replaced the ISUS sensors spring 2018. The SUNA was a major improvement in technology, with significant improvements in accuracy and precision. However, it still suffers from calibration drift due to lamp fatigue and biofouling as well as spectral interference due to bromide and fluorometric CDOM. Drift is corrected by application of post-cruise calibrations to recalculate the temperature-and-salinity corrected nitrate concentration following Sakamoto (2009a) and estimating a linear drift between pre-and-post cruise deployments. Validation is performed by comparison with discrete water samples collected during deployment/recovery of the sensors. These datasets include the nitrate data from the Pioneer-NES ISSM (CP03ISSM-RID26-07-NUTNRB000.nc), CNSM (CP01CNSM-RID26-07-NUTNRB000.nc), and OSSM (CP04OSSM-RID26-07-NUTNRB000.nc) SUNA instruments spanning Spring 2018 through Fall 2022. Each dataset contains the measured nitrate, the temperature-salinity corrected nitrate, the drift-corrected nitrate, and the nitrate following validation with bottle samples. 

Coastal Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are Mobile Assets that survey the area in and around the array of moorings at the Coastal Pioneer MAB Array. Two Coastal AUVs (HII REMUS-600 AUVs) travel along transects across the shelf-break frontal system extending beyond the mooring array, covering an area approximately 1000 square kilometers in size centered on the array of moorings. The primary role of the AUVs is to resolve cross- and along-front “eddy fluxes” due to frontal instabilities, wind forcing, and mesoscale variability. These AUVs travel along saw-toothed transects, penetrating the sea surface and diving down to a maximum depth of 600 meters. 

Coastal gliders are one kind of Mobile Asset that survey the area in and around the array of moorings at the Coastal Pioneer MAB Array. Four Coastal Gliders (Teledyne-Webb Slocum Gliders) sample large, mesoscale features through a broad region (2900 square kilometers) of the outer continental shelf between the shelf break and the Gulf Stream. The role of these gliders in monitoring this broader area is to resolve rings, eddies and meanders from the Gulf Stream as they impinge on the shelf break front. These Teledyne-Webb Slocum Gliders fly through the water column along saw-tooth paths, penetrating the sea surface and diving down to a maximum depth of 1000 meters. 

The hydrographic sampling performed by The NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative Coastal and Global Scale Nodes(OOI CGSN) as part of each Array turn represents a significant collection of valuable physical, chemical, and biological information. In addition to the CTD, collected hydrographic data include discrete oxygen, salinity, nutrient (nitrate, nitrite, silicate, phosphate, ammonium), chlorophyll, and carbon system measurements. These data serve several important functions. First, they are necessary for the calibration and evaluation of the moored instrumentation at each Array. Furthermore, the annual (Global) or biannual (Coastal) collection of data at the same locations provides a unique timeseries of a large set of water properties following established community standards and methods, independent of its association with the OOI moorings. The analysis of collected water samples for the parameters listed above are performed by a number of outside labs on behalf of OOI-CGSN. Consequently, the water sampling data for a given cruise is distributed among a number of different files. The Discrete Sampling Summary integrates the related CTD, metadata, and discrete water sample data into a single file. Additionally, it synthesizes qualitative and quantitative information about the quality of a measurement into data quality flags for each associated parameter which follow WOCE-standards. The final product is the Discrete Sampling Summary spreadsheet which contains the metadata, CTD data, and discrete water sample data into a single spreadsheet with data quality flags. This dataset includes hydrographic data from the Global Irminger Sea Array located in the North Atlantic to the southeast of Greenland.This region experiences high winds and large surface waves, strong atmosphere-ocean exchanges of energy and gases, carbon dioxide sequestration, high biological productivity, and an important fishery. It is one of the few places on Earth with deep-water formation that feeds the large-scale thermohaline circulation. 

The Pioneer MAB Northern Profiler Mooring is located on the Continental Shelf, approximately 100 meters deep. The MAB continental shelf north of Cape Hatteras is characterized by a persistent equator-ward current originating from the north, a shelfbreak front separating shelf and slope waters, distributed buoyancy inputs from rivers, variable wind forcing, and intermittent offshore forcing by Gulf Stream meanders. The Pioneer MAB Array is designed to resolve transport processes and ecosystem dynamics in the vicinity of the shelfbreak front, which is a region of complex oceanographic dynamics, intermittent mesoscale variability, and enhanced biological productivity.\nLike other Coastal Profiler Moorings, the Pioneer MAB Northern Profiler Mooring instruments are mounted on the Surface Buoy, Subsurface Sphere, within the Wire-Following Profiler, and on a frame on the riser wire. The Wire-Following Profiler moves through the water column along the mooring riser, continuously sampling ocean characteristics over a specified depth interval. The instruments communicate with the Surface Buoy through the inductive riser wire. Additionally, the Surface Buoy contains antennas to transmit data to shore via satellite.