Flexible and low-cost poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based electrolytes are promising for all-solid-state Li-metal batteries because of their compatibility with a metallic lithium anode. However, the low room-temperature Li-ion conductivity of PEO solid electrolytes and severe lithium-dendrite growth limit their application in high-energy Li-metal batteries. Here we prepared a PEO/perovskite Li 3/8 Sr 7/16 Ta 3/4 Zr 1/4 O 3 composite electrolyte with a Li-ion conductivity of 5.4 × 10 −5 and 3.5 × 10 −4 S cm −1 at 25 and 45 °C, respectively; the strong interaction between the F − of TFSI − (bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide) and the surface Ta 5+ of the perovskite improves the Li-ion transport at the PEO/perovskite interface. A symmetric Li/composite electrolyte/Li cell shows an excellent cyclability at a high current density up to 0.6 mA cm −2 . A solid electrolyte interphase layer formed in situ between the metallic lithium anode and the composite electrolyte suppresses lithium-dendrite formation and growth. All-solid-state Li|LiFePO 4 and high-voltage Li|LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 batteries with the composite electrolyte have an impressive performance with high Coulombic efficiencies, small overpotentials, and good cycling stability.
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The role of the solid electrolyte interphase layer in preventing Li dendrite growth in solid-state batteries
Lithium (Li) metal anodes have regained intensive interest in recent years due to the ever-increasing demand for next-generation high energy battery technologies. Li metal, unfortunately, suffers from poor cycling stability and low efficiency as well as from the formation of dangerous Li dendrites, raising safety concerns. Utilizing solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) to prevent Li dendrite growth provides a promising approach to tackle the challenge. However, recent studies indicate that Li dendrites easily form at high current densities, which calls for full investigation of the fundamental mechanisms of Li dendrite formation within SSEs. Herein, the origin and evolution of Li dendrite growth through SSEs have been studied and compared by using Li 6.1 Ga 0.3 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO) and NASICON-type Li 2 O–Al 2 O 3 –P 2 O 5 –TiO 2 –GeO 2 (LATP) pellets as the separators. We discover that a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)-like interfacial layer between Li and SSE plays a critical role in alleviating the growth of dendritic Li, providing new insights into the interface between SSE and Li metal to enable future all solid-state batteries.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1748279
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10059474
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Energy & Environmental Science
- ISSN:
- 1754-5692
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract Solid‐state batteries (SSBs), utilizing a lithium metal anode, promise to deliver enhanced energy and power densities compared to conventional lithium‐ion batteries. Penetration of lithium filaments through the solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) during electrodeposition poses major constraints on the safety and rate performance of SSBs. While microstructural attributes, especially grain boundaries (GBs) within the SSEs are considered preferential metal propagation pathways, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood yet. Here, a comprehensive insight is presented into the mechanistic interactions at the mesoscale including the electrochemical‐mechanical response of the GB‐electrode junction and competing ion transport dynamics in the SSE. Depending on the GB transport characteristics, a highly non‐uniform electrodeposition morphology consisting of either cavities or protrusions at the GB‐electrode interface is identified. Mechanical stability analysis reveals localized strain ramps in the GB regions that can lead to brittle fracture of the SSE. For ionically less conductive GBs compared to the grains, a crack formation and void filling mechanism, triggered by the heterogeneous nature of electrochemical‐mechanical interactions is delineated at the GB‐electrode junction. Concurrently, in situ X‐ray tomography of pristine and failed Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO) SSE samples confirm the presence of filamentous lithium penetration and validity of the proposed mesoscale failure mechanisms.
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Ever-increasing demands for energy, particularly being environmentally friendly have promoted the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy.1Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), arguably the most well-studied energy storage system, have dominated the energy market since their advent in the 1990s.2However, challenging issues regarding safety, supply of lithium, and high price of lithium resources limit the further advancement of LIBs for large-scale energy storage applications.3Therefore, attention is being concentrated on an alternative electrochemical energy storage device that features high safety, low cost, and long cycle life. Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) is considered one of the most promising alternative energy storage systems due to the high theoretical energy and power densities where the multiple electrons (Zn2+) . In addition, aqueous ZIBs are safer due to non-flammable electrolyte (e.g., typically aqueous solution) and can be manufactured since they can be assembled in ambient air conditions.4As an essential component in aqueous Zn-based batteries, the Zn metal anode generally suffers from the growth of dendrites, which would affect battery performance in several ways. Second, the led by the loose structure of Zn dendrite may reduce the coulombic efficiency and shorten the battery lifespan.5
Several approaches were suggested to improve the electrochemical stability of ZIBs, such as implementing an interfacial buffer layer that separates the active Zn from the bulk electrolyte.6However, the and thick thickness of the conventional Zn metal foils remain a critical challenge in this field, which may diminish the energy density of the battery drastically. According to a theretical calculation, the thickness of a Zn metal anode with an areal capacity of 1 mAh cm-2is about 1.7 μm. However, existing extrusion-based fabrication technologies are not capable of downscaling the thickness Zn metal foils below 20 μm.
Herein, we demonstrate a thickness controllable coating approach to fabricate an ultrathin Zn metal anode as well as a thin dielectric oxide separator. First, a 1.7 μm Zn layer was uniformly thermally evaporated onto a Cu foil. Then, Al2O3, the separator was deposited through sputtering on the Zn layer to a thickness of 10 nm. The inert and high hardness Al2O3layer is expected to lower the polarization and restrain the growth of Zn dendrites. Atomic force microscopy was employed to evaluate the roughness of the surface of the deposited Zn and Al2O3/Zn anode structures. Long-term cycling stability was gauged under the symmetrical cells at 0.5 mA cm-2for 1 mAh cm-2. Then the fabricated Zn anode was paired with MnO2as a full cell for further electrochemical performance testing. To investigate the evolution of the interface between the Zn anode and the electrolyte, a home-developed in-situ optical observation battery cage was employed to record and compare the process of Zn deposition on the anodes of the Al2O3/Zn (demonstrated in this study) and the procured thick Zn anode. The surface morphology of the two Zn anodes after circulation was characterized and compared through scanning electron microscopy. The tunable ultrathin Zn metal anode with enhanced anode stability provides a pathway for future high-energy-density Zn-ion batteries.
Obama, B., The irreversible momentum of clean energy.
Science 2017, 355 (6321), 126-129.Goodenough, J. B.; Park, K. S., The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective.
J Am Chem Soc 2013, 135 (4), 1167-76.Li, C.; Xie, X.; Liang, S.; Zhou, J., Issues and Future Perspective on Zinc Metal Anode for Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc‐ion Batteries.
Energy & Environmental Materials 2020, 3 (2), 146-159.Jia, H.; Wang, Z.; Tawiah, B.; Wang, Y.; Chan, C.-Y.; Fei, B.; Pan, F., Recent advances in zinc anodes for high-performance aqueous Zn-ion batteries.
Nano Energy 2020, 70 .Yang, J.; Yin, B.; Sun, Y.; Pan, H.; Sun, W.; Jia, B.; Zhang, S.; Ma, T., Zinc Anode for Mild Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectives.
Nanomicro Lett 2022, 14 (1), 42.Yang, Q.; Li, Q.; Liu, Z.; Wang, D.; Guo, Y.; Li, X.; Tang, Y.; Li, H.; Dong, B.; Zhi, C., Dendrites in Zn-Based Batteries.
Adv Mater 2020, 32 (48), e2001854.Acknowledgment
This work was partially supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Award No. ECCS-1931088. S.L. and H.W.S. acknowledge the support from the Improvement of Measurement Standards and Technology for Mechanical Metrology (Grant No. 22011044) by KRISS.
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Abstract Solid‐state lithium metal batteries with garnet‐type electrolyte provide several advantages over conventional lithium‐ion batteries, especially for safety and energy density. However, a few grand challenges such as the propagation of Li dendrites, poor interfacial contact between the solid electrolyte and the electrodes, and formation of lithium carbonate during ambient exposure over the solid‐state electrolyte prevent the viability of such batteries. Herein, an ultrathin sub‐nanometer porous carbon nanomembrane (CNM) is employed on the surface of solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) that increases the adhesion of SSE with electrodes, prevents lithium carbonate formation over the surface, regulates the flow of Li‐ions, and blocks any electronic leakage. The sub‐nanometer scale pores in CNM allow rapid permeation of Li‐ions across the electrode–electrolyte interface without the presence of any liquid medium. Additionally, CNM suppresses the propagation of Li dendrites by over sevenfold up to a current density of 0.7 mA cm−2and enables the cycling of all‐solid‐state batteries at low stack pressure of 2 MPa using LiFePO4cathode and Li metal anode. The CNM provides chemical stability to the solid electrolyte for over 4 weeks of ambient exposure with less than a 4% increase in surface impurities.
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Solid-state-batteries (SSBs) present a promising technology for next-generation batteries due to their superior properties including increased energy density, wider electrochemical window and safer electrolyte design. Commercialization of SSBs, however, will depend on the resolution of a number of critical chemical and mechanical stability issues. The resolution of these issues will in turn depend heavily on our ability to accurately model these systems such that appropriate material selection, microstructure design, and operational parameters may be determined. In this article we review the current state-of-the art modeling tools with a focus on chemo-mechanics. Some of the key chemo-mechanical problems in SSBs involve dendrite growth through the solid-state electrolyte (SSE), interphase formation at the anode/SSE interface, and damage/decohesion of the various phases in the solid-state composite cathode. These mechanical processes in turn lead to capacity fade, impedance increase, and short-circuit of the battery, ultimately compromising safety and reliability. The article is divided into the three natural components of an all-solid-state architecture. First, modeling efforts pertaining to Li-metal anodes and dendrite initiation and growth mechanisms are reviewed, making the transition from traditional liquid electrolyte anodes to next generation all-solid-state anodes. Second, chemo-mechanics modeling of the SSE is reviewed with a particular focus on the formation of a thermodynamically unstable interphase layer at the anode/SSE interface. Finally, we conclude with a review of chemo-mechanics modeling efforts for solid-state composite cathodes. For each of these critical areas in a SSB we conclude by highlighting the key open areas for future research as it pertains to modeling the chemo-mechanical behavior of these systems.more » « less
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ee00540k
