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1. Atomic-scale homogeneous plastic flow beyond near-theoretical yield stress in a metallic glass

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-021-00124-3  

   Yu, Jiaxin ; Datye, Amit ; Chen, Zheng ; Zhou, Chao ; Dagdeviren, Omur E. ; Schroers, Jan ; Schwarz, Udo D. ( February 2021 , Communications Materials)

   The onset of yielding and the related atomic-scale plastic flow behavior of bulk metallic glasses at room temperature have not been fully understood due to the difficulty in performing the atomic-scale plastic deformation experiments needed to gain direct insight into the underlying fundamental deformation mechanisms. Here we overcome these limitations by combining a unique sample preparation method with atomic force microscopy-based indentation, which allows study of the yield stress, onset of yielding, and atomic-scale plastic flow of a platinum-based bulk metallic glass in volumes containing as little as approximately 1000 atoms. Yield stresses markedly higher than in conventional nanoindentation testing were observed, surpassing predictions from current models that relate yield stress to tested volumes; subsequent flow was then established to be homogeneous without exhibiting collective shear localization or loading rate dependence. Overall, variations in glass properties due to fluctuations of free volume are found to be much smaller than previously suggested.
2. Atomistic simulations of superplasticity and amorphization of nanocrystalline anatase TiO2

   https://doi.org/DOI:10.1016/j.eml.2018.05.009  

   X. Zhang, H.J. Gao ( July 2018 , Extreme mechanics letters)

   As an important type of functional material, nanocrystalline TiO2 with anatase phase has been used for solar energy conversion and photocatalysis. However, there have been only a few limited studies on the mechanical behaviors of nanocrystalline anatase. We performed a series of large-scale atomistic simulations to investigate the deformation of nanocrystalline anatase with mean grain sizes varying from 2 nm to 6 nm and amorphous TiO2 under uniaxial tension and compression at room temperature. The simulation results showed that for uniaxial tension, the fracture strains of simulated samples increase as the mean grain size decreases, and a superplastic deformation occurred in the nanocrystalline sample with a grain size of 2 nm. Such superplasticity of nanocrystalline anatase is attributed to the dominance of grain boundary sliding and nanoscale cavitation during deformation. The simulation results also showed that during uniaxial compression, the amorphization induced by high local compressive stress is the controlling plastic deformation mechanism, resulting in a good compressibility of nanocrystalline TiO2. During both tension and compression, nanocrystalline TiO2 exhibited good deformability, which is attributed to the fact that the grain boundaries with high volume fractions and disordered structures accommodated large plastic strains. Our present study provides a fundamental understanding ofmore »the plastic deformation of nanocrystalline anatase TiO2, as well as a route for enhancing the tensile and compressive deformability of nanostructured ceramics.« less
3. Micromechanical origins of remarkable elongation-to-fracture in AHSS TRIP steels via continuous bending under tension

   https://doi.org/141876  

   Sharma, Rishabh ; Poulin, Camille M. ; Knezevic, Marko ; Miles, Michael P. ; Fullwood, David T. ( August 2021 , Materials science engineering)

   Continuous bending under tension (CBT) is known to achieve elongation-to-failure well above that achieved under a conventional uniaxial simple tension (ST) strain path. However, the detailed mechanism for supplying this increased ductility has not been fully understood. It is clear that the necking that occurs in a typical ST specimen is avoided by constantly moving the region of plastic deformation during the CBT process. The volume of material in which the flow stress is greatest is limited to a moving line where the rollers contact the sheet and superimpose bending stress on the applied tensile load. Hence the condition of a large volume of material experiencing stress greater than the material flow stress, leading to strain localization during ST, is avoided. However, the magnitude of the contribution of this phenomenon to the overall increase in elongation is unclear. In the current set of experiments, an elongation to fracture (ETF) of 4.56x and 3.7x higher than ST was achieved by fine-tuning CBT forming parameters for Q&P 1180 and TBF 1180, respectively. A comparison of maximum local strains near the final point of fracture in ST and CBT sheets via digital image correlation revealed that avoidance of localization of plastic strain duringmore »CBT accounts for less than half of the increased elongation in the CBT specimens for two steels containing different amounts of retained austenite (RA). Geometrically necessary dislocation evolution is monitored using high-resolution EBSD (HREBSD) for both strain paths, indicating a lower hardening rate in the CBT samples in the bulk of the sheet, potentially relating to the cyclical nature of the stress in the outer layers of the sheet. Interestingly, the GND evolution in the center of the sheet, which does not experience the same amplitude of cyclic stress, follows the ST behavior more closely than the sheet edges. This appears to contribute to a precipitous drop in residual ductility for the specimens that are pulled in ST after partial CBT processing. The rate of transformation of RA is also tracked in the steels, with a significantly lower rate of transformation during CBT, compared to ST. This suggests that a slower transformation rate achieved under CBT also contributed to higher strain-to-failure levels.« less
4. Low-temperature rheology of calcite

   https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz577  

   Sly, Michael K. ; Thind, Arashdeep S. ; Mishra, Rohan ; Flores, Katharine M. ; Skemer, Philip ( December 2019 , Geophysical Journal International)

   Low-temperature plastic rheology of calcite plays a significant role in the dynamics of Earth's crust. However, it is technically challenging to study plastic rheology at low temperatures because of the high confining pressures required to inhibit fracturing. Micromechanical tests, such as nanoindentation and micropillar compression, can provide insight into plastic rheology under these conditions because, due to the small scale, plastic deformation can be achieved at low temperatures without the need for secondary confinement. In this study, nanoindentation and micropillar compression experiments were performed on oriented grains within a polycrystalline sample of Carrara marble at temperatures ranging from 23 to 175 °C, using a nanoindenter. Indentation hardness is acquired directly from nanoindentation experiments. These data are then used to calculate yield stress as a function of temperature using numerical approaches that model the stress state under the indenter. Indentation data are complemented by uniaxial micropillar compression experiments. Cylindrical micropillars ∼1 and ∼3 μm in diameter were fabricated using a focused ion beam-based micromachining technique. Yield stress in micropillar experiments is determined directly from the applied load and micropillar dimensions. Mechanical data are fit to constitutive flow laws for low-temperature plasticity and compared to extrapolations of similar flow laws frommore »high-temperature experiments. This study also considered the effects of crystallographic orientation on yield stress in calcite. Although there is a clear orientation dependence to plastic yielding, this effect is relatively small in comparison to the influence of temperature.

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5. A volume penalization immersed boundary method for flow interactions with aquatic vegetation

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.104120  

   Yu, X. ; Yu, M.-L. ( January 2022 , Advances in water resources)

   Abstract: A volume-penalization immersed boundary (VPIB) method was developed to study flow interactions with aquatic vegetation. The model has been validated with data from laboratory experiments and previous high-fidelity models with satisfactory results. Sensitivity analyzes on both penalty parameter and thickness parameter were conducted, and optimal values for these parameters are recommended. The validated model has been applied to study the effects of swaying motion of vegetation stems on the flow dynamics at both vegetate-stem scale and patch scale. The swaying motion of the vegetation stem is prescribed following a cubic law that peaks at the top and decreases to zero at the bottom. At stem-scale, the hydrodynamics depend on the Keulegan Carpenter number (KC), which is defined as the maximum excursion of the vegetation stem to the diameter of the stem. Simulations with three KC values were carried out. For KC≥1, the flow turbulence is significantly enhanced by the swaying motion of the stem, and turbulence becomes more isotropic in the wake. The swaying motion of vegetation stems caused a 5% increase of the bottom shear stress at the shoulders of the stem, and the effect is negligible in the wake. At patch-scale, the hydrodynamics depend on the effectivemore »Keulegan Carpenter number based on the patch size of the vegetation patch, and the solid volume fraction for dense vegetation canopy. Solid volume fraction was varied while maintaining the same effective Keulegan Carpenter in the simulations. When the effective Keulgen Carpenter number is small (KC<1), effects of the swaying motion of vegetation stems on the large patch-scale dynamics are not significant, including both the turbulence statistics and the bottom stress.« less