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   Mohammed, Habeeb; Mia, Md Farouq; Wiggins, Jasmine; Desai, Salil (February 2025, Molecules)

   The ever-increasing global energy demand necessitates the development of efficient, sustainable, and high-performance energy storage systems. Nanotechnology, through the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, offers significant potential for enhancing the performance of energy storage devices due to unique properties such as increased surface area and improved conductivity. This review paper investigates the crucial role of nanotechnology in advancing energy storage technologies, with a specific focus on capacitors and batteries, including lithium-ion, sodium–sulfur, and redox flow. We explore the diverse applications of nanomaterials in batteries, encompassing electrode materials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, metal oxides), electrolytes, and separators. To address challenges like interfacial side reactions, advanced nanostructured materials are being developed. We also delve into various manufacturing methods for nanomaterials, including top–down (e.g., ball milling), bottom–up (e.g., chemical vapor deposition), and hybrid approaches, highlighting their scalability considerations. While challenges such as cost-effectiveness and environmental concerns persist, the outlook for nanotechnology in energy storage remains promising, with emerging trends including solid-state batteries and the integration of nanomaterials with artificial intelligence for optimized energy storage. 

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2. A mini-review: emerging all-solid-state energy storage electrode materials for flexible devices

   https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR08722B  

   Yang, Yang (January 2020, Nanoscale)

   New technologies for future electronics such as personal healthcare devices and foldable smartphones require emerging developments in flexible energy storage devices as power sources. Besides the energy and power densities of energy devices, more attention should be paid to safety, reliability, and compatibility within highly integrated systems because they are almost in 24-hour real-time operation close to the human body. Thereupon, all-solid-state energy devices become the most promising candidates to meet these requirements. In this mini-review, the most recent research progress in all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors and batteries will be covered. The main focus of this mini-review is to summarize new materials development for all-solid-state flexible energy devices. The potential issues and perspectives regarding all-solid-state flexible energy device technologies will be highlighted. 

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3. Fully Printed, High‐Temperature Micro‐Supercapacitor Arrays Enabled by a Hexagonal Boron Nitride Ionogel Electrolyte

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   Chaney, Lindsay E.; Hyun, Woo Jin; Khalaj, Maryam; Hui, Janan; Hersam, Mark C. (August 2023, Advanced Materials)

   Abstract The proliferation and miniaturization of portable electronics require energy‐storage devices that are simultaneously compact, flexible, and amenable to scalable manufacturing. In this work, mechanically flexible micro‐supercapacitor arrays are demonstrated via sequential high‐speed screen printing of conductive graphene electrodes and a high‐temperature hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) ionogel electrolyte. By combining the superlative dielectric properties of 2D hBN with the high ionic conductivity of ionic liquids, the resulting hBN ionogel electrolyte enables micro‐supercapacitors with exceptional areal capacitances that approach 1 mF cm⁻². Unlike incumbent polymer‐based electrolytes, the high‐temperature stability of the hBN ionogel electrolyte implies that the printed micro‐supercapacitors can be operated at unprecedentedly high temperatures up to 180 °C. These elevated operating temperatures result in increased power densities that make these printed micro‐supercapacitors particularly promising for applications in harsh environments such as underground exploration, aviation, and electric vehicles. The combination of enhanced functionality in extreme conditions and high‐speed production via scalable additive manufacturing significantly broadens the technological phase space for on‐chip energy storage. 

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4. Uncovering the Formation Mechanism of Hexagonal Porous MXene

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   2D nanomaterials have garnered significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties. MXene, a type of twodimensional transition metal carbide, nitride, or carbonitride, has become a focal point in materials science due to its excellent metallic conductivity, tunable chemical functional groups, outstanding mechanical properties, and unique surface chemistry [1,2]. Compared to traditional metal oxides, MXenes exhibit superior mechanical strength and flexibility, making them ideal candidates for high-performance energy storage devices (such as lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors) as well as flexible electronic devices [3]. However, there are still some limitations, such as the self-stacking phenomenon, which restricts the improvement of its performance. Researchers have gradually expanded various types of MXene structures, enhancing their value in fields such as energy, electronics, sensing, nanofluids, computing, and the environment by tuning the element composition, surface functional groups, interlayer structure, and composite structure design [4,5]. 

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5. Printing Conductive Nanomaterials for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics: A Review of Materials, Processes, and Applications

   https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800546  

   Huang, Qijin; Zhu, Yong (January 2019, Advanced Materials Technologies)

   Abstract Printed electronics is attracting a great deal of attention in both research and commercialization as it enables fabrication of large‐scale, low‐cost electronic devices on a variety of substrates. Printed electronics plays a critical role in facilitating widespread flexible electronics and more recently stretchable electronics. Conductive nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles and nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, are promising building blocks for printed electronics. Nanomaterial‐based printing technologies, formulation of printable inks, post‐printing treatment, and integration of functional devices have progressed substantially in the recent years. This review summarizes basic principles and recent development of common printing technologies, formulations of printable inks based on conductive nanomaterials, deposition of conductive inks via different printing techniques, and performance enhancement by using various sintering methods. While this review places emphasis on conductive nanomaterials, the printing techniques and ink formulations can be applied to other materials such as semiconducting and insulating nanomaterials. Moreover, some applications of printed flexible and stretchable electronic devices are reviewed to illustrate their potential. Finally, the future challenges and prospects for printing conductive nanomaterials are discussed. 

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