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1. 648 Hilbert-space dimensionality in a biphoton frequency comb: entanglement of formation and Schmidt mode decomposition

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-021-00388-0  

   Chang, Kai-Chi ; Cheng, Xiang ; Sarihan, Murat Can ; Vinod, Abhinav Kumar ; Lee, Yoo Seung ; Zhong, Tian ; Gong, Yan-Xiao ; Xie, Zhenda ; Shapiro, Jeffrey H. ; Wong, Franco N. C. ; et al ( March 2021 , npj Quantum Information)

   Qudit entanglement is an indispensable resource for quantum information processing since increasing dimensionality provides a pathway to higher capacity and increased noise resilience in quantum communications, and cluster-state quantum computations. In continuous-variable time–frequency entanglement, encoding multiple qubits per photon is only limited by the frequency correlation bandwidth and detection timing jitter. Here, we focus on the discrete-variable time–frequency entanglement in a biphoton frequency comb (BFC), generating by filtering the signal and idler outputs with a fiber Fabry–Pérot cavity with 45.32 GHz free-spectral range (FSR) and 1.56 GHz full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) from a continuous-wave (cw)-pumped type-II spontaneous parametric downconverter (SPDC). We generate a BFC whose time-binned/frequency-binned Hilbert space dimensionality is at least 324, based on the assumption of a pure state. Such BFC’s dimensionality doubles up to 648, after combining with its post-selected polarization entanglement, indicating a potential 6.28 bits/photon classical-information capacity. The BFC exhibits recurring Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) dips over 61 time bins with a maximum visibility of 98.4% without correction for accidental coincidences. In a post-selected measurement, it violates the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) inequality for polarization entanglement by up to 18.5 standard deviations with anS-parameter of up to 2.771. It has Franson interference recurrences in 16 time bins with a maximum visibility of 96.1%more »without correction for accidental coincidences. From the zeroth- to the third-order Franson interference, we infer an entanglement of formation (E_of) up to 1.89 ± 0.03 ebits—where 2 ebits is the maximal entanglement for a 4 × 4 dimensional biphoton—as a lower bound on the 61 time-bin BFC’s high-dimensional entanglement. To further characterize time-binned/frequency-binned BFCs we obtain Schmidt mode decompositions of BFCs generated using cavities with 45.32, 15.15, and 5.03 GHz FSRs. These decompositions confirm the time–frequency scaling from Fourier-transform duality. Moreover, we present the theory of conjugate Franson interferometry—because it is characterized by the state’s joint-temporal intensity (JTI)—which can further help to distinguish between pure-state BFC and mixed state entangled frequency pairs, although the experimental implementation is challenging and not yet available. In summary, our BFC serves as a platform for high-dimensional quantum information processing and high-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD).

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2. Resolution enhancement of 2-photon microscopy using high-refractive index microspheres

   https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2290613  

   Tehrani, Kayvan F. ; Darafsheh, Arash ; Phang, Sendy ; Mortensen, Luke J. ( February 2018 , Proc. SPIE 10498, Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences XVIII)

   Intravital microscopy using multiphoton processes is the standard tool for deep tissue imaging inside of biological specimens. Usually, near-infrared and infrared light is used to excite the sample, which enables imaging several mean free path inside a scattering tissues. Using longer wavelengths, however, increases the width of the effective multiphoton Point Spread Function (PSF). Many features inside of cells and tissues are smaller than the diffraction limit, and therefore not possible to distinguish using a large PSF. Microscopy using high refractive index microspheres has shown promise to increase the numerical aperture of an imaging system and enhance the resolution. It has been shown that microspheres can image features ~λ/7 using single photon process fluorescence. In this work, we investigate resolution enhancement for Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) and 2-photon fluorescence microscopy. We used Barium Titanate glass microspheres with diameters ∼20–30 μm and refractive index ∼1.9–2.1. We show microsphere-assisted SHG imaging in bone collagen fibers. Since bone is a very dense tissue constructed of bundles of collagen fibers, it is nontrivial to image individual fibers. We placed microspheres on a dense area of the mouse cranial bone, and achieved imaging of individual fibers. We found that microsphere assisted SHG imaging resolves featuresmore »of the bone fibers that are not readily visible in conventional SHG imaging. We extended this work to 2-photon microscopy of mitochondria in mouse soleus muscle, and with the help of microsphere resolving power, we were able to trace individual mitochondrion from their ensemble.« less
3. Terahertz Polarimetric Imaging for Biomedical Applications

   Srinivasan, Nandhini ; Caglayan, Cosan ; Nahar, Niru K. ; Sertel, Kubilay ( July 2018 , 2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium on Antenna and Propagation and URSI CNC/USNC Joint Meeting)

   We present a reflection-mode, polarimetric imaging system that can achieve 45µm sample resolution and measure the co-polarized and cross-polarized reflected field components individually over the 750GHz1.1THz band. The system is based on a vector network analyzer (VNA) in conjunction with frequency extenders and illuminates the sample under test through a high-resistivity Silicon (HRSi) lens to achieve image resolution 3.42-times better than the free-space diffraction limit. The two ports of the VNA are used to capture the co-polarized and cross-polarized images of the same sample. A simple quasi-optical setup is used to isolate and direct the cross-polarized reflected signal without significantly degrading the copolarized signal. The utility of the proposed system is demonstrated using biomedical samples in form of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues.
4. Assessment of lateral resolution of single random phase encoded lensless imaging systems

   https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.480591  

   Goswami, Saurabh ; Wani, Pranav ; Gupta, Gaurav ; Javidi, Bahram ( March 2023 , Optics Express)

   In this paper, we have used the angular spectrum propagation method and numerical simulations of a single random phase encoding (SRPE) based lensless imaging system, with the goal of quantifying the spatial resolution of the system and assessing its dependence on the physical parameters of the system. Our compact SRPE imaging system consists of a laser diode that illuminates a sample placed on a microscope glass slide, a diffuser that spatially modulates the optical field transmitting through the input object, and an image sensor that captures the intensity of the modulated field. We have considered two-point source apertures as the input object and analyzed the propagated optical field captured by the image sensor. The captured output intensity patterns acquired at each lateral separation between the input point sources were analyzed using a correlation between the captured output pattern for the overlapping point-sources, and the captured output intensity for the separated point sources. The lateral resolution of the system was calculated by finding the lateral separation values of the point sources for which the correlation falls below a threshold value of 35% which is a value chosen in accordance with the Abbe diffraction limit of an equivalent lens-based system. A directmore »comparison between the SRPE lensless imaging system and an equivalent lens-based imaging system with similar system parameters shows that despite being lensless, the performance of the SRPE system does not suffer as compared to lens-based imaging systems in terms of lateral resolution. We have also investigated how this resolution is affected as the parameters of the lensless imaging system are varied. The results show that SRPE lensless imaging system shows robustness to object to diffuser-to-sensor distance, pixel size of the image sensor, and the number of pixels of the image sensor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to investigate a lensless imaging system’s lateral resolution, robustness to multiple physical parameters of the system, and comparison to lens-based imaging systems.

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5. Synthetic aperture ptychography: coded sensor translation for joint spatial-Fourier bandwidth expansion

   https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.460549  

   Song, Pengming ; Jiang, Shaowei ; Wang, Tianbo ; Guo, Chengfei ; Wang, Ruihai ; Zhang, Terrance ; Zheng, Guoan ( June 2022 , Photonics Research)

   Conventional ptychography translates an object through a localized probe beam to widen the field of view in real space. Fourier ptychography translates the object spectrum through a pupil aperture to expand the Fourier bandwidth in reciprocal space. Here we report an imaging modality, termed synthetic aperture ptychography (SAP), to get the best of both techniques. In SAP, we illuminate a stationary object using an extended plane wave and translate a coded image sensor at the far field for data acquisition. The coded layer attached on the sensor modulates the object exit waves and serves as an effective ptychographic probe for phase retrieval. The sensor translation process in SAP synthesizes a large complex-valued wavefront at the intermediate aperture plane. By propagating this wavefront back to the object plane, we can widen the field of view in real space and expand the Fourier bandwidth in reciprocal space simultaneously. We validate the SAP approach with transmission targets and reflection silicon microchips. A 20-mm aperture was synthesized using a 5-mm sensor, achieving a fourfold gain in resolution and 16-fold gain in field of view for object recovery. In addition, the thin sample requirement in ptychography is no longer required in SAP. One can digitallymore »propagate the recovered exit wave to any axial position for post-acquisition refocusing. The SAP scheme offers a solution for far-field sub-diffraction imaging without using lenses. It can be adopted in coherent diffraction imaging setups with radiation sources from visible light, extreme ultraviolet, and X-ray, to electron.

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