Chlorinated and brominated forms of salicylic acid (SA) have recently been identified as a new class of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. Herein, we report the inherent reactivity of several aqueous halogenating agents toward hydrogen salicylate, the predominant species of salicylic acid under environmental conditions. Using synthetic waters, halogenation rates associated with the formation of 3-chloro, 5-chloro, 3-bromo, and 5-bromosalicylate were measured as a function of pH, [Cl − ], [Br − ], free chlorine dose, and the initial concentration of SA. Halogenating-agent specific second-order rate constants were determined and decrease in the order: BrCl > BrOCl > Br 2 > Br 2 O > Cl 2 > Cl 2 O > HOBr > HOCl. Chloride is capable of enhancing rates of bromination and chlorination, ostensibly by promoting the formation of BrCl and Cl 2 , both of which are several orders of magnitude more inherently reactive than HOBr and HOCl, respectively. Kinetic data also support the participation of salicyloyl hypochlorite as a chlorination intermediate capable of influencing chlorination rates at pH >8. Experiments in which buffer concentrations were varied indicate that phosphate buffers can enhance rates of SA bromination but not chlorination; carbonate and borate buffers did not appreciably influence rates of bromination or chlorination. Under conditions representative of chlorinated drinking water, rates of SA bromination will generally exceed rates of SA chlorination. The results discussed herein demonstrate the importance of considering halogenating agents beyond HOBr and HOCl when developing kinetic models to describe and predict halogenation rates and selectivity in waters containing free chlorine.
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Structural effects on the bromination rate and selectivity of alkylbenzenes and alkoxybenzenes in aqueous solution
Aqueous free bromine species ( e.g. , HOBr, BrCl, Br 2 , BrOCl, Br 2 O, and H 2 OBr + ) can react with activated aromatic compounds via electrophilic aromatic substitution to generate products with industrial applications, environmental consequences, and potentially adverse biological effects. The relative contributions of these brominating agents to overall bromination rates can be calculated via nonlinear regression analyses of kinetic data collected under a variety of solution conditions, including variations in parameters ( e.g. , [Cl − ], [Br − ], and pH) known to influence free bromine speciation. Herein, kinetic experiments conducted in batch reactors were employed to evaluate the contributions of steric and electronic effects on bromination of monosubstituted alkylbenzenes (ethyl, isopropyl, tert -butyl) and alkoxybenzenes (ethoxy, isopropoxy, tert -butoxy) and to elucidate the inherent reactivities of aqueous brominating agents towards these aromatic compounds. For bromination at the para position of alkylbenzenes, overall reactivity increased from tert -butyl < ethyl ≈ isopropyl. For bromination at the para position of alkoxybenzenes, reactivity increased from tert -butoxy < ethoxy < isopropoxy. In going from ethyl to tert -butyl and ethoxy to isopropoxy, unfavorable steric effects attenuated the favorable electronic effects imparted by the substituents. When comparing unsubstituted benzene, alkyl-, and alkoxybenzenes, the structure of the substituent has a significant effect on bromination rates, nucleophile regioselectivity, and electrophile chemoselectivity. Hirshfeld charges were useful predictors of reactivity and regioselectivity. The experimental results were also modeled using Taft equations. Collectively, these findings indicate that steric effects, electronic effects, and brominating agents other than HOBr can influence aromatic compound bromination in solutions of free bromine.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1651536
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10287133
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
- Volume:
- 23
- Issue:
- 31
- ISSN:
- 1463-9076
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 16594 to 16610
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CP02422A
