Abstract Otoliths of actinopterygians are calcified structures playing a key role in hearing and equilibrium functions. To understand their morphological diversification, we quantified the shape of otoliths in both lateral and dorsal view from 697 and 323 species, respectively, using geometric morphometrics. We then combined form (i.e. size and shape) information with ecological data and phylogenetically informed comparative methods to test our hypotheses. Initially, the exploration of morphospaces revealed that the main variations are related to sulcus acusticus shape, elongation and lateral curvature. We also found strong integration between otolith and sulcus shape, suggesting that they are closely mirroring each other, reinforcing a shape-dependent mechanism crucial for otolith motion relative to its epithelium and validating the functional significance of otolith morphology in auditory and vestibular processes. After revealing that otolith shape and size retained a low phylogenetic signal, we showed that the disparity of otolith size and shape is decoupled from order age and from the level of functional diversity across clades. Finally, some traits in otolith disparity are correlated with their morphological evolutionary rate and the order speciation rate. Overall, we observed that the pattern of diversification of otoliths across the fish tree of life is highly complex and likely to be multifactorial.
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Efficiency is Doing Things Right: High Throughput, Automated, 3D Methods in the Modern Era of Otolith Morphometrics
The morphometrics of fish otoliths have been commonly used to investigate population structures and the environmental impacts on ontogeny. These studies can require hundreds if not thousands of otoliths to be collected and processed. Processing these otoliths takes up valuable time, money, and resources that can be saved by automation. These structures also contain relevant information in three dimensions that is lost with 2D morphometric methods from photographic analysis. In this study, the otoliths of three populations of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were examined with manual 2D, automated 2D, and automated 3D otolith measurement methods. The automated 3D method was able to detect an 8% difference in average otolith density, while 2D methods could not. Due to the loss of information in the z-axis, and the longer processing time, 2D methods can take up to 100 times longer to reach the same statistical power as automated 3D methods. Automated 3D methods are faster, can answer a wider range of questions, and allow fisheries scientists to automate rather monotonous tasks.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1701665
- PAR ID:
- 10294125
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
- ISSN:
- 0706-652X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Fish diversity and ecology in the ocean’s mesopelagic zone are understudied compared to other marine regions despite growing interest in harvesting these potential resources. Otoliths can provide a wealth of taxonomic and life history information about fish, which can help fill these knowledge gaps; however, there has been relatively little research to date on the otoliths of mesopelagic species. Here, a species-specific image library was assembled of sagittal otoliths from 70 mesopelagic fishes belonging to 29 families collected in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Images of adult sagittal otoliths from 12 species were documented and photographed for the first time. The fish were identified to species with a combination of morphological characters and DNA barcoding. Regressions between otolith size and fish length are presented for the six species with the largest sample sizes in this study. This otolith image library, coupled with otolith-length and width to fish-length relationships, can be used for prey identification and back-calculation of fish size, making it a valuable tool for studies relating to food webs in the important yet poorly understood mesopelagic zone. In addition, the 44 fish barcodes generated in this study highlight the benefit of using an integrative taxonomic approach to studies of this nature, as well as add to existing public databases that enable cryptic species and metabarcoding analyses of mesopelagic species.more » « less
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Abstract The combustion of fossil fuels is currently causing rapid rates of ocean warming and acidification worldwide. Projected changes in these parameters have been repeatedly observed to stress the physiological limits and plasticity of many marine species from the molecular to organismal levels. High latitude oceans are among the fastest changing ecosystems; therefore, polar species are projected to be some of the most vulnerable to climate change. Antarctic species are particularly sensitive to environmental change, having evolved for millions of years under stable ocean conditions. Otoliths, calcified structures found in a fish’s inner ear used to sense movement and direction, have been shown to be affected by both warming and CO 2 -acidified seawater in temperate and tropical fishes but there is no work to date on Antarctic fishes. In this study, juvenile emerald rockcod ( Trematomus bernacchii ) were exposed to projected seawater warming and CO 2 -acidification for the year 2100 over 28 days. Sagittal otoliths were analyzed for changes in area, perimeter, length, width and shape. We found ocean warming increased the growth rate of otoliths, while CO 2 -acidified seawater and the interaction of warming and acidification did not have an effect on otolith development. Elevated temperature also altered the shape of otoliths. If otolith development is altered under future warming scenarios, sensory functions such as hearing, orientation, and movement may potentially be impaired. Changes in these basic somatic abilities could have broad implications for the general capabilities and ecology of early life stages of Antarctic fishes.more » « less
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