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1. A universal quantum gate set for transmon qubits with strong ZZ interactions

   Junling Long, Tongyu Zhao (March 2021, ArXivorg)

   null (Ed.)

   High-fidelity single- and two-qubit gates are essential building blocks for a fault-tolerant quantum computer. While there has been much progress in suppressing single-qubit gate errors in superconducting qubit systems, two-qubit gates still suffer from error rates that are orders of magnitude higher. One limiting factor is the residual ZZ-interaction, which originates from a coupling between computational states and higher-energy states. While this interaction is usually viewed as a nuisance, here we experimentally demonstrate that it can be exploited to produce a universal set of fast single- and two-qubit entangling gates in a coupled transmon qubit system. To implement arbitrary single-qubit rotations, we design a new protocol called the two-axis gate that is based on a three-part composite pulse. It rotates a single qubit independently of the state of the other qubit despite the strong ZZ-coupling. We achieve single-qubit gate fidelities as high as 99.1% from randomized benchmarking measurements. We then demonstrate both a CZ gate and a CNOT gate. Because the system has a strong ZZ-interaction, a CZ gate can be achieved by letting the system freely evolve for a gate time tg=53.8 ns. To design the CNOT gate, we utilize an analytical microwave pulse shape based on the SWIPHT protocol for realizing fast, low-leakage gates. We obtain fidelities of 94.6% and 97.8% for the CNOT and CZ gates respectively from quantum progress tomography. 

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2. Experimental demonstration of continuous quantum error correction

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29906-0  

   Livingston, William P.; Blok, Machiel S.; Flurin, Emmanuel; Dressel, Justin; Jordan, Andrew N.; Siddiqi, Irfan (December 2022, Nature Communications)

   Abstract The storage and processing of quantum information are susceptible to external noise, resulting in computational errors. A powerful method to suppress these effects is quantum error correction. Typically, quantum error correction is executed in discrete rounds, using entangling gates and projective measurement on ancillary qubits to complete each round of error correction. Here we use direct parity measurements to implement a continuous quantum bit-flip correction code in a resource-efficient manner, eliminating entangling gates, ancillary qubits, and their associated errors. An FPGA controller actively corrects errors as they are detected, achieving an average bit-flip detection efficiency of up to 91%. Furthermore, the protocol increases the relaxation time of the protected logical qubit by a factor of 2.7 over the relaxation times of the bare comprising qubits. Our results showcase resource-efficient stabilizer measurements in a multi-qubit architecture and demonstrate how continuous error correction codes can address challenges in realizing a fault-tolerant system. 

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3. Reinforcement Learning with Neural Networks for Quantum Multiple Hypothesis Testing

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIT44484.2020.9174150  

   Brandsen, Sarah; Stubbs, Kevin D.; Pfister, Henry D. (June 2020, 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT))

   Reinforcement learning with neural networks (RLNN) has recently demonstrated great promise for many problems, including some problems in quantum information theory. In this work, we apply reinforcement learning to quantum hypothesis testing, where one designs measurements that can distinguish between multiple quantum states while minimizing the error probability. Although the Helstrom measurement is known to be optimal when there are m=2 states, the general problem of finding a minimal-error measurement is challenging. Additionally, in the case where the candidate states correspond to a quantum system with many qubit subsystems, implementing the optimal measurement on the entire system may be impractical. In this work, we develop locally-adaptive measurement strategies that are experimentally feasible in the sense that only one quantum subsystem is measured in each round. RLNN is used to find the optimal measurement protocol for arbitrary sets of tensor product quantum states. Numerical results for the network performance are shown. In special cases, the neural network testing-policy achieves the same probability of success as the optimal collective measurement. 

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4. Open quantum system violates generalized Pauli constraints on quantum device

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-023-01295-w  

   Avdic, Irma; Sager-Smith, LeeAnn M.; Mazziotti, David A. (July 2023, Communications Physics)

   Abstract The Pauli exclusion principle governs the fundamental structure and function of fermionic systems from molecules to materials. Nonetheless, when such a fermionic system is in a pure state, it is subject to additional restrictions known as the generalized Pauli constraints (GPCs). Here we verify experimentally the violation of the GPCs for an open quantum system using data from a superconducting-qubit quantum computer. We prepare states of systems with three-to-seven qubits directly on the quantum device and measure the one-fermion reduced density matrix (1-RDM) from which we can test the GPCs. We find that the GPCs of the 1-RDM are sufficiently sensitive to detect the openness of the 3-to-7 qubit systems in the presence of a single-qubit environment. Results confirm experimentally that the openness of a many-fermion quantum system can be decoded from only a knowledge of the 1-RDM with potential applications from quantum computing and sensing to noise-assisted energy transfer. 

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5. Stabilizer Entanglement Distillation and Efficient Fault-Tolerant Encoders

   https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.010339  

   Shi, Yu; Patil, Ashlesha; Guha, Saikat (March 2025, PRX Quantum)

   Entanglement is essential for quantum information processing, but is limited by noise. We address this by developing high-yield entanglement distillation protocols with several advancements. (1) We extend the 2-to-1 recurrence entanglement distillation protocol to higher-rate n-to-(n−1) protocols that can correct any single-qubit errors. These protocols are evaluated through numerical simulations focusing on fidelity and yield. We also outline a method to adapt any classical error-correcting code for entanglement distillation, where the code can correct both bit-flip and phase-flip errors by incorporating Hadamard gates. (2) We propose a constant-depth decoder for stabilizer codes that transforms logical states into physical ones using single-qubit measurements. This decoder is applied to entanglement distillation protocols, reducing circuit depth and enabling protocols derived from high-performance quantum error-correcting codes. We demonstrate this by evaluating the circuit complexity for entanglement distillation protocols based on surface codes and quantum convolutional codes. (3) Our stabilizer entanglement distillation techniques advance quantum computing. We propose a fault-tolerant protocol for constant-depth encoding and decoding of arbitrary states in surface codes, with potential extensions to more general quantum low-density parity-check codes. This protocol is feasible with state-of-the-art reconfigurable atom arrays and surpasses the limits of conventional logarithmic depth encoders. Overall, our study integrates stabilizer formalism, measurement-based quantum computing, and entanglement distillation, advancing both quantum communication and computing. 

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