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1. Multi-Radar Analysis of the 20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma Supercell through Tornadogenesis and Intensification

   https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030313  

   Satrio, Clarice N. ; Bodine, David J. ; Palmer, Robert D. ; Kuster, Charles M. ( February 2021 , Atmosphere)

   null (Ed.)

   A multi-radar analysis of the 20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, U.S. supercell is presented using three Weather Surveillance Radars 1988 Doppler (WSR-88Ds) and PX-1000, a rapid-scan, polarimetric, X-band radar, with a focus on the period between 1930 and 2008 UTC, encompassing supercell maturation through rapid tornado intensification. Owing to the 20-s temporal resolution of PX-1000, a detailed radar analysis of the hook echo is performed on (1) the microphysical characteristics through a hydrometeor classification algorithm (HCA)—inter-compared between X- and S-band for performance evaluation—including a hail and debris class and (2) kinematic properties of the low-level mesocyclone (LLM) assessed through ΔVr analyses. Four transient intensifications in ΔVr prior to tornadogenesis are documented and found to be associated with two prevalent internal rear-flank downdraft (RFD) momentum surges, the latter surge coincident with tornadogenesis. The momentum surges are marked by a rapidly advancing reflectivity (ZH) gradient traversing around the LLM, descending reflectivity cores (DRCs), a drop in differential reflectivity (ZDR) due to the advection of smaller drops into the hook echo, a decrease in correlation coefficient (ρhv), and the detection of debris from the HCA. Additionally, volumetric analyses of ZDR and specific differential phase (KDP) signatures show general diffusivity of the ZDR arc even after tornadogenesis in contrast with explosive deepening of the KDP foot downshear of the updraft. Similarly, while the vertical extent of the ZDR and KDP columns decrease leading up to tornadogenesis, the phasing of these signatures are offset after tornadogenesis, with the ZDR column deepening the lagging of KDP. 

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2. Supercell-External Storms and Boundaries acting as Catalysts for Tornadogenesis

   https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-22-0026.1  

   Fischer, Jannick ; Dahl, Johannes M. ( September 2022 , Monthly Weather Review)

   Abstract It has long been observed that interactions of a supercell with other storms or storm-scale boundaries sometimes seem to directly instigate tornadogenesis. First, the authors explore the frequency of such constructive interactions. WSR-88D radar data are used to categorize 136 tornadic supercells into isolated supercells and supercells that interacted with external factors within 20 min before tornadogenesis. Most cases (80%) showed some form of external influence prior to tornadogenesis. Common patterns of interactions, the typical supercell quadrant that is affected, and changes in azimuthal shear are also identified. To further study these interactions, two sets of idealized CM1 simulations are performed. The first set demonstrates that the speed of the near-ground horizontal flow relative to the updraft can control whether a vortex patch develops into a tornado. A weaker updraft-relative flow is favorable because the developing vortex stays in the updraft region longer and becomes less tilted. Building on these results, it is shown that external outflow can lead to tornado formation by a deceleration of the updraft-relative flow. The deceleration is caused by the pressure gradient force associated with the external outflow, which is already noticeable several kilometers ahead of the outflow boundary. This offers another possible mechanism by which external outflow can act as a catalyst for supercell tornadogenesis. 

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3. A Preliminary Polarimetric Radar Comparison of Pretornadic and Nontornadic Supercell Storms

   https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-19-0296.1  

   Van Den Broeke, Matthew S. ( April 2020 , Monthly Weather Review)

   Supercell thunderstorms produce a variety of hazards, including tornadoes. A supercell will often exist for some time prior to producing a tornado, while other supercells never become tornadic. In this study, a series of hypotheses is tested regarding the ability of S-band polarimetric radar fields to distinguish pretornadic from nontornadic supercell storms. Several quantified polarimetric radar metrics are examined that are related to storm inflow, updraft, and hailfall characteristics in samples of 19–30 pretornadic and 18–31 nontornadic supercells. The results indicate that pretornadic supercells are characterized by smaller hail extent and echo appendages with larger mean drop size. Additionally, differential reflectivity Z_DRcolumn size is larger and less variable in the pretornadic storms in the 25–30 min prior to initial tornadogenesis. Many of the results indicate relatively small polarimetric differences that will likely be difficult to translate to operational use. Hail extent and Z_DRcolumn size, however, may exhibit operationally useful differences between pretornadic and nontornadic supercells.

    

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4. Tornado Formation and Intensity Prediction Using Polarimetric Radar Estimates of Updraft Area

   https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-21-0087.1  

   French, Michael M. ; Kingfield, Darrel M. ( October 2021 , Weather and Forecasting)

   Abstract A sample of 198 supercells are investigated to determine if a radar proxy for the area of the storm midlevel updraft may be a skillful predictor of imminent tornado formation and/or peak tornado intensity. A novel algorithm, a modified version of the Thunderstorm Risk Estimation from Nowcasting Development via Size Sorting (TRENDSS) algorithm is used to estimate the area of the enhanced differential radar reflectivity factor (Z DR ) column in Weather Surveillance Radar – 1988 Doppler data; the Z DR column area is used as a proxy for the area of the midlevel updraft. The areas of Z DR columns are compared for 154 tornadic supercells and 44 non-tornadic supercells, including 30+ supercells with tornadoes rated EF1, EF2, and EF3; nine supercells with EF4+ tornadoes also are analyzed. It is found that (i) at the time of their peak 0-1 km azimuthal shear, non-tornadic supercells have consistently small (< 20 km 2 ) Z DR column areas while tornadic cases exhibit much greater variability in areas, and (ii) at the time of tornadogenesis, EF3+ tornadic cases have larger Z DR column areas than tornadic cases rated EF1/2. In addition, all nine violent tornadoes sampled have Z DR column areas > 30 km 2 at the time of tornadogenesis. However, only weak positive correlation is found between Z DR column area and both radar-estimated peak tornado intensity and maximum tornado path width. Planned future work focused on mechanisms linking updraft size and tornado formation and intensity is summarized and the use of the modified TRENDSS algorithm, which is immune to Z DR bias and thus ideal for real-time operational use, is emphasized. 

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5. Modes of Storm-Scale Variability and Tornado Potential in VORTEX2 Near- and Far-Field Tornadic Environments

   https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0147.1  

   Flournoy, Matthew D. ; Coniglio, Michael C. ; Rasmussen, Erik N. ; Furtado, Jason C. ; Coffer, Brice E. ( October 2020 , Monthly Weather Review)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract Some supercellular tornado outbreaks are composed almost entirely of tornadic supercells, while most consist of both tornadic and nontornadic supercells sometimes in close proximity to each other. These differences are related to a balance between larger-scale environmental influences on storm development as well as more chaotic, internal evolution. For example, some environments may be potent enough to support tornadic supercells even if less predictable intrastorm characteristics are suboptimal for tornadogenesis, while less potent environments are supportive of tornadic supercells given optimal intrastorm characteristics. This study addresses the sensitivity of tornadogenesis to both environmental characteristics and storm-scale features using a cloud modeling approach. Two high-resolution ensembles of simulated supercells are produced in the near- and far-field environments observed in the inflow of tornadic supercells during the second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2). All simulated supercells evolving in the near-field environment produce a tornado, and 33% of supercells evolving in the far-field environment produce a tornado. Composite differences between the two ensembles are shown to address storm-scale characteristics and processes impacting the volatility of tornadogenesis. Storm-scale variability in the ensembles is illustrated using empirical orthogonal function analysis, revealing storm-generated boundaries that may be linked to the volatility of tornadogenesis. Updrafts in the near-field ensemble are markedly stronger than those in the far-field ensemble during the time period in which the ensembles most differ in terms of tornado production. These results suggest that storm-environment modifications can influence the volatility of supercellular tornadogenesis. 

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