A large number of two-sided markets are now mediated by search and recommender systems, ranging from online retail and streaming entertainment to employment and romantic-partner matching. I will discuss in this talk how the design decisions that go into these search and recommender systems carry substantial power in shaping markets and allocating opportunity to the participants. This does not only raise legal and fairness questions, but also questions about how these systems shape incentives and the long-term effectiveness of the market.
At the core of these questions lies the problem of where to rank each item, and how this affects both sides of the market. While it is well understood how to maximize the utility to the users, this talk focuses on how rankings affect the items that are being ranked. From the items perspective, the ranking system is an arbiter of exposure and thus economic opportunity. I will discuss how machine learning algorithms that follow the conventional Probability Ranking Principle [1] can lead to undesirable and unfair exposure allocation for both exogenous and endogenous reasons. Exogenous reasons often manifest themselves as biases in the training data, which then get reflected in the learned ranking policy. But even when trained with unbiased data, reasons endogenous to the system can lead to unfair or undesirable allocation of opportunity. To overcome these challenges, I will present new machine learning algorithms [2,3,4] that directly address both endogenous and exogenous factors, allowing the designer to tailor the ranking policy to be appropriate for the specific two-sided market.
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Policy-Gradient Training of Fair and Unbiased Ranking Functions
While implicit feedback (e.g., clicks, dwell times, etc.) is an abundant and attractive source of data for learning to rank, it can produce unfair ranking policies for both exogenous and endogenous reasons. Exogenous reasons typically manifest themselves as biases in the training data, which then get reflected in the learned ranking policy and often lead to rich-get-richer dynamics. Moreover, even after the correction of such biases, reasons endogenous to the design of the learning algorithm can still lead to ranking policies that do not allocate exposure among items in a fair way. To address both exogenous and endogenous sources of unfairness, we present the first learning-to-rank approach that addresses both presentation bias and merit-based fairness of exposure simultaneously. Specifically, we define a class of amortized fairness-of-exposure constraints that can be chosen based on the needs of an application, and we show how these fairness criteria can be enforced despite the selection biases in implicit feedback data. The key result is an efficient and flexible policy-gradient algorithm, called FULTR, which is the first to enable the use of counterfactual estimators for both utility estimation and fairness constraints. Beyond the theoretical justification of the framework, we show empirically that the proposed algorithm can learn accurate and fair ranking policies from biased and noisy feedback.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1901168
- PAR ID:
- 10309942
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Conference Paper:
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3462953
