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1. Grating Lobe Mitigation in Scanning Planar Phased Array Antennas

   https://doi.org/10.1109/PAST43306.2019.9020996  

   Iqbal, Zabed; Pour, Maria (March 2020, 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array System & Technology (PAST))

   null (Ed.)

   This paper presents the grating lobe reduction in a planar phased array antenna with a rectangular lattice and large element spacing in the order of one wavelength for scan angles up to ±45°. A dual-mode circular microstrip patch antenna is considered as the constitutive element of the phased array, in which two different transverse magnetic modes are exploited simultaneously. The numerical analysis shows that the achieved grating lobe reduction is well below 25 dB for scan angles up to ±45° with large element spacing in the order of one wavelength. 

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2. Principles of adaptive element spacing in linear array antennas

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84874-7  

   Mitha, Tanzeela; Pour, Maria (December 2021, Scientific Reports)

   Abstract A novel approach to linear array antennas with adaptive inter-element spacing is presented for the first time. The main idea is based upon electronically displacing the phase center location of the antenna elements, which determine their relative coordinates in the array configuration. This is realized by employing dual-mode microstrip patch antennas as a constitutive element, whose phase center location can be displaced from its physical center by simultaneously exciting two modes. The direction and the amount of displacement is controlled by the amplitude and phase of the modes at the element level. This in turn facilitates reconfiguring the inter-element spacing at the array level. For instance, a uniformly-spaced array could be electronically transformed into a non-uniform one without any mechanical means. The proposed idea is demonstrated in two- and three-element linear antenna arrays. The technique has the potential to control the radiation characteristics such as sidelobe levels, position of the nulls, and the beamwidths in small arrays, which are useful for adaptively controlling the array performance in emerging wireless communication systems and radars. 

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3. Wideband Patch Antenna with Modified L-Probe Feeding for mmWave 5G Mobile Applications

   https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163119  

   Lee, Woncheol; Won, Hoyun; Hong, Yang-Ki; Choi, Minyeong; An, Sung-Yong (August 2024, Electronics)

   This paper presents a wideband low-profile dual-polarized patch antenna with helical-shaped L-probe feeding (HLF) for mmWave 5G mobile device applications. Parametric studies on the HLF structure are performed to identify the optimal specifications. As a result, the optimized antenna achieves a wide bandwidth of 5.4 GHz (24.2–29.6 GHz), good isolation > 18 dB between ports, and 5.1 dBi of good peak realized gain, which is experimentally verified with a 10× upscaled antenna. In addition, various one × four phased arrays with different port configurations and beamform capabilities are designed and simulated for the peak realized gain. The designed antenna array shows a high peak realized gain of 10 dBi, high isolation of 15 dB between the ports, and a small substrate thickness of 0.048λ0 (λ0 is the wavelength of 24.25 GHz). Compared to the state-of-the-art antennas, the designed dual-polarized antenna can operate in the frequency ranges of 24.25–29.6 GHz, including n257, n258, and n261 of the 5G new radio frequency range 2. 

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4. Modeling and Optimization of the Steering Range of a Phased Array Antenna for Neuromodulation Applications in the Near-Field Region

   https://doi.org/10.1109/USNC-URSI52151.2023.10238083  

   Saha, Nabanita; Mahbub, Ifana (July 2023, 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI))

   This paper presents modeling and optimization of the steering range of a microstrip planar phased array antenna to steer the unidirectional near-field focused beam towards a certain direction. This antenna can be implemented in headstage-based neural stimulation system and wireless recording system for optogenetic neuromodulation applications. The proposed phased-array antenna consists of sixteen elements that are designed to provide a uniform power transmission over the 27 cm×23 cm×16 cm rat behavioral cage area. The proposed transmitter (TX) antenna implements a near-field-based wireless power transmission system operating at 2.4 GHz frequency. The phased array antenna steers the beam from -30° to 60° in the elevation plane by feeding the individual elements with different phases using four 4-bit phase shifters. A design analysis of the beam-steering approach of the phased array antenna is presented and the corresponding simulation and measurement results are included in this paper. 

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5. A 24 GHz Flexible 10 × 10 Phased Array Antenna for 3D Beam Steering Based V2V Applications

   https://doi.org/10.1109/PAST49659.2022.9975066  

   Kakaraparty, Karthik; Mahbub, Ifana (December 2022, 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems & Technology (PAST))

   This paper presents a flexible 10 × 10 phased-array antenna for efficient and high-gain 3D beam steering applications. The proposed antenna array consists of 25 quadrants of 2 × 2 unit cells, wherein each 2 × 2 unit cell is coaxially fed. The 45° phase shifting lines are incorporated in the feeding paths to facilitate the wide beamsteering range. The dimensions of the proposed phased array antenna (PAA) are 90 × 90 × 0.324 mm 3 . Simulation results show that the proposed phased-array antenna has a resonating frequency at 24 GHz with an operational bandwidth from 23.64 GHz to 24.31 GHz along with a high gain of 29.4 dBi. The array exhibits a maximum beam steering range of 149.8° in the θ axis and 120° in the ϕ axis with a gain variation less than 0.9 dBi. The proposed flexible PAA is suitable for its placement on curved surfaces of autonomous vehicles such as UAVs(Unmanned aerial vehicles). 

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