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1. A Framework to Evaluate PMU Networks for Resiliency Under Network Failure Conditions

   https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm52983.2022.9961035  

   Raj, Reuben Samson ; Jin, Dong ( October 2022 , IEEE SmartGridComm, October 2022)

   Phasor Measurement Units (PMU), due to their capability for providing highly precise and time-synchronized measurements of synchrophasors, have now become indispensable in wide area monitoring of power-grid systems. Successful and reliable delivery of synchrophasor packets from the PMUs to the Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs) and beyond, requires a backbone communication network that is robust and resilient to failures. These networks are vulnerable to a range of failures that include cyber-attacks, system or device level outages and link failures. In this paper, we present a framework to evaluate the resilience of a PMU network in the context of link failures. We model the PMU network as a connected graph and link failures as edges being removed from the graph. Our approach, inspired by model checking methods, involves exhaustively checking the reachability of PMU nodes to PDC nodes, for all possible combinations of link failures, given an expected number of links fail simultaneously. Using the IEEE 14-bus system, we illustrate the construction of the graph model and the solution design. Finally, a comparative evaluation on how adding redundant links to the network improves the Power System Observability, is performed on the IEEE 118 bus-system.
2. Energy management algorithm for resilient controlled delivery grids

   https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.2017.8101777  

   Saleh, Mahmoud ; Esa, Yusef ; Mohamed, Ahmed A. ; Grebel, Haim ; Rojas-Cessa, Roberto ( October 2017 , 2017 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting)

   Resilience of the power grid is most challenged at power blackouts since the issues that led to it may not be fully resolved by the time the power is back. In this paper, a Real-Time Energy Management Algorithm (RTEMA) has been developed to increase the resilience of power systems based on the controlled delivery grid (CDG) concept. In a CDG, loads communicate with a central controller, periodically sending requests for power. The central controller runs an algorithm, based on which it may decide whether to grant the requested energy fully or partially. Therefore, the CDG limits loads discretionary access to electric energy until all problems are resolved. The developed algorithm aims at granting most or all of the requested loads, while maintaining the health of the power system (i.e. the voltage at each bus, and the line loading are within acceptable limits), and minimizing the overall losses. An IEEE 30-bus standard Test Case, encountering a blackout condition, with high penetration of microgrids, has been used to test the developed algorithm. Results proved that the developed algorithm with the CDG have the potential to substantially increase the resilience of power systems.
3. Multi-Area State Estimation: A Distributed Quasi-Static Innovation-Based Model with an Alternative Direction Method of Multipliers

   https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104419  

   Aljohani, Nader ; Zou, Tierui ; Bretas, Arturo S. ; Bretas, Newton G. ( May 2021 , Applied Sciences)

   In the modern power system networks, grid observability has greatly increased due to the deployment of various metering technologies. Such technologies enhanced the real-time monitoring of the grid. The collection of observations are processed by the state estimator in which many applications have relied on. Traditionally, state estimation on power grids has been done considering a centralized architecture. With grid deregulation, and awareness of information privacy and security, much attention has been given to multi-area state estimation. Considering such, state-of-the-art solutions consider a weighted norm of residual measurement model, which might hinder masked gross errors contained in the null-space of the Jacobian matrix. Towards the solution of this, a distributed innovation-based model is presented. Measurement innovation is used towards error composition. The measurement error is an independent random variable, where the residual is not. Thus, the masked component is recovered through measurement innovation. Model solution is obtained through an Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM), which requires minimal information communication. The presented framework is validated using the IEEE 14 and IEEE 118 bus systems. Easy-to-implement model, build-on the classical weighted norm of the residual solution, and without hard-to-design parameters highlight potential aspects towards real-life implementation.
4. A Comparative Study on State Estimation Algorithms for Power Systems

   https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS50074.2021.9449766  

   Chen, Yuting ; Zhou, Ning ( April 2021 , 2020 52nd North American Power Symposium (NAPS))

   The state estimation (SE) has been widely used in power system control centers to optimally estimate the states of the power grid in real time. Using different objective functions, many SE algorithms have been proposed to filter out measurement noise in different ways. In this paper, three widely-used SE algorithms, i.e., the weighted least squares (WLS), least absolute value (LAV), and projection statistics (PS) based algorithms, are compared in their estimation accuracy and computation time. The comparison was made using the simulation data generated from the IEEE 14-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system through the Monte-Carlo method. It is found that when the measurement noise is reasonably small and follows the independent Gaussian distribution, the WLS algorithm has the best accuracy and shortest computation time. When some measurements at leverage points were compromised by outliers, the PS based algorithm is the most robust among the three methods. The study results can be used to assist control centers in choosing the right SE algorithm based on the features of the measurement noise and setup.
5. Model-Measurement Data Integrity Attacks

   https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2023.3253781  

   Cheng, Gang ; Lin, Yuzhang ; Yan, Jun ; Zhao, Junbo ; Bai, Linquan ( March 2023 , IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid)

   The vulnerabilities of information and communica-tion technology (ICT) infrastructures leave room for cyber attacks threatening the reliable operations of power systems. Based on the real-world evidence of the Ukraine power grid attack and the pop-ular technical discussion that cyber attacks could be launched at the control-center level, this paper reveals a new attack strategy: model-measurement data integrity (MMI) attack. Instead of com-promising measurements only, we investigate the possibility where network parameters are coordinately manipulated when con-structing false data injection attack (FDIA) vectors. Furthermore, we model cyber adversaries possible behavior of co-planning the manipulated measurement channels and parameter attack vectors prior to the launch of FDIAs. The revealed MMI attack strategy allows a drastic reduction of measurement channels to compro-mise in run-time for keeping the stealth property. Simulations in the IEEE 14-bus test system and the IEEE 118-bus test system demonstrate the feasibility of the revealed MMI attack strategy.