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1. Measurement of Charge Transfer to Aqueous Droplets in High Voltage Electric Fields

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03375  

   Elton, Eric S.; Tibrewala, Yash; Rosenberg, Ethan R.; Hamlin, Brad S.; Ristenpart, William D. (November 2017, Langmuir)
2. Cell State-of-Charge Estimation with Limited Voltage Sensor Measurements

   https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810127  

   Ogdeh, Owais; Nuculaj, Luke; Irshayyid, Ali; Zhou, Zhaodong; Chen, Jun (September 2025, Applied Sciences)

   This paper presents a practical experiment for estimating the state-of-charge (SOC) of individual cells in a series-connected heterogeneous lithium-ion battery pack, where only the terminal voltage of the battery pack is measured. To deal with real-time computation constraints, the dense extended Kalman filter (DEKF) algorithm has been proposed in the literature, which has a significantly lower computational complexity compared to the regular extended Kalman filter for this specific estimation problem. This work supplements the existing work by conducting a real-world experiment to validate the performance of the DEKF. Specifically, experiments involving a battery pack of three cells connected in series were conducted, where the battery pack was discharged under a constant current load. A genetic algorithm was applied to identify missing model parameters, as well as tuning the DEKF for optimal convergence and accurate SOC estimation. Our experimental results confirm that the proposed DEKF accurately estimates the SOC of each cell regardless of the hardware limitations and uncertainty, making it suitable for low-cost, real-time battery management systems. In particular, the SOC estimation error can be kept well under 1% even if the initial estimate is far from the true SOC. 

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3. MEDAC: A Metastability Condition Detection and Correction Technique for a Near-Threshold-Voltage Multi-Voltage-/Frequency-Domain Network-on-Chip

   https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2020.3036856  

   Lin, Chuxiong; He, Weifeng; Sun, Yanan; Pei, Bingxi; Chundi, Pavan Kumar; Mao, Zhigang; Seok, Mingoo (November 2020, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits)

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4. MPAM: Reliable, Low-Latency, Near-Threshold-Voltage Multi-Voltage/Frequency-Domain Network-on-Chip with Metastability Risk Prediction and Mitigation

   https://doi.org/10.1109/CICC53496.2022.9772849  

   Lin, Chuxiong; He, Weifeng; Sun, Yannan; Shao, Lin; Zhang, Bo; Yang, Jun; Seok, Mingoo (April 2022, 2022 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC))

   Emerging applications like a drone and an autonomous vehicle require system-on-a-chips (SoCs) with high reliability, e.g., the mean-time-between-failure (MTBF) needs to be over tens of thousands of hours [1]. Meanwhile, as these applications require increasingly higher performance and energy efficiency, a multi-core architecture is often desirable. Here, each core operates in an independent voltage/frequency (V/F) domain, ideally from the near-threshold voltage (NTV) to super-threshold, while communicating with one another via a network-on-chip (NoC) [2]. However, this makes it challenging to ensure robustness in clock domain crossing against metastability. Metastability becomes even more critical to NTV circuits since metastability resolution time constant T grows super-linearly with voltage scaling [3]. Conventionally, an NoC uses multi-stage (4 stages in [4]) synchronizers to improve MTBF, but they increase latency and cannot completely eliminate metastability. Recently, [5] proposed a novel NTV flip-flop, which has a lower probability of having metastability. Another recent work [6] proposed to detect the necessary condition of metastability and mitigate it by modulating the RX clock and also requesting retransmission to guarantee data correctness. However, as it detects a necessary condition, not actual metastability, it tends to overly request retransmission, hurting latency, throughput, and energy efficiency. 

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5. Correction to Fast Magnetic Domain-Wall Motion in a Ring-Shaped Nanowire Driven by a Voltage

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02825  

   Hu, Jia-Mian; Yang, Tiannan; Momeni, Kasra; Cheng, Xiaoxing; Chen, Lei; Lei, Shiming; Zhang, Shujun; Trolier-McKinstry, Susan; Gopalan, Venkatraman; Carman, Gregory P.; et al (July 2017, Nano Letters)