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1. Steps in Designing an Indicator for Assessing Window’s Effect on Indoor Thermal Comfort

   Wang, N.; Ghaeili, N.; Wang, J (January 2023, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Building Energy and Environment)

   The effects of solar radiation play an important role in human thermal comfort, especially within the near-window zones. In the incorporation of the solar effect into the thermal comfort model, the comprehensive solar-optical characteristics of windows have to be taken into account, especially when it came to a largely variant or unbalanced spectral distribution of a building window. In this work, we examined the thermal effects varying with different spectral characteristics of glazing systems and also preliminarily proposed a new indicator “thermal effect index (TEI)” that can be used to estimate the impact levels of window systems on indoor users’ thermal comfort in near-window zones. TEI could be used as a benchmark for assessing a window system’s potential impacts on indoor users’ thermal comfort, especially when direct sunlight is enabled in a space. 

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2. Thermal Comfort: Radiant Systems - A Review of Experimental-based thermal comfort research in Radiation systems

   Jawadwala, H.; Tian, R.; Yin, H.; Qu, M.; Liu, X.; Holmes, N.; Kohanoff, J.; Jani, R (March 2021, 109th ACSA Annual Meeting)

   Buildings use 40% of the global energy consumption and emit 30% of CO2 emissions. Of the total building energy, 30-40% is for building heating and cooling systems, which regulate the indoor thermal environment and provide thermal comfort to occupants. Most buildings use forced air technology in the United States to deliver heating/cooling to the targeted thermal zones. Researchers have suggested using radiant heating and cooling systems as a better alternative to all-air systems. Radiant systems supply heating or cooling directly to the building space using radiation released by the heated or cooled building enclosure via the embedded heating or cooling tubes. It is unsure whether the radiant heating and cooling system can provide better thermal comfort to occupants. Moreover, the evaluation method for thermal comfort in the current standard is only suitable for forced air systems. A new plan shall be developed to evaluate the radiation system’s thermal comfort. This paper reviews the experiment-based studies on the thermal comfort of radiant systems. According to the experimental studies regarding thermal comfort and radiant systems, the key findings are concluded to help guide the evaluation of thermal comfort for radiant systems. 

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3. Thermal Comfort: Radiant Systems - A Review of Experimentalbased thermal comfort research in Radiation systems

   JAWADWALA, HUZEFA; TIAN, ROBERT; YIN, HONGXI; QU, MING; LIU, XIAOLI; HOLMES, NIALL; KOHANOFF, JORGE; JANI, RUCHITA (March 2021, 108th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceeding)

   null (Ed.)

   Buildings use 40% of the global energy consumption and emit 30% of the CO2 emissions [1]. Of the total building energy, 30-40% are for building heating and cooling systems, which regulate the indoor thermal environment and provide thermal comfort to occupants. In the United States, most buildings use forced air technology to deliver heating/cooling to the targeted thermal zones. However, this system may cause complaints about thermal comfort from inhabitants due to excessive draft movement, inhomogeneous conditioning, and difficulty in accurately controlling the temperature for a system serving multiple rooms. Therefore, researchers have suggested using a radiant heating and cooling system as a better alternative to all-air systems to address these issues. Radiant systems supply heating or cooling directly to the building space using radiation released by the heated or cooled building enclosure via the embedded heating or cooling tubes. In the cooling season, the radiant system often works with a separated dehumidifier to meet space latent and sensible cooling load (called separate sensible and latent cooling system SSLC). The SSLC has shown higher efficiency than forced air systems. However, it is unsure whether the radiant heating and cooling system can provide better thermal comfort to occupants. Moreover, the evaluation method for thermal comfort in the current standard is suitable for forced air systems. Therefore, a new method shall be developed to evaluate the radiation system’s thermal comfort. In this paper, we review the experiment-based studies on the thermal comfort of radiant systems. According to the experimental studies regarding thermal comfort and radiant systems, the key findings are concluded to help guide the evaluation of thermal comfort for radiant systems. 

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4. Utillizing Solar Infrared-Induced Photothermal Heating on Building Windows in Winter

   https://doi.org/10.18086/solar.2020.01.04  

   Zhang, Enhe; Duan, Qiuhua; Zhao, Yuan; Wang, Julian (July 2020, ASES Solar 2020 Proceedings)

   null (Ed.)

   Single-pane windows still account for a large percentage of US building energy consumption. In this paper, we introduced a new solution incorporating the photothermal effect of metallic nanoparticles(Fe3O4@Cu2−xS) into glazing structures to utilize solar infrared and then enhance the window’s thermal performance in winter. Such spectrally selective characteristics of the designed photothermal films were obtained from lab measurements and then integrated into a thermodynamic analytical model. Subsequently, we examined the thermal and optical behaviors of the photothermal single-pane window and compared its overall energy performance with the conventional low-e coated single-pane window, in which typical window properties, dimensions, winter boundary conditions, and solar irradiance were adopted. The numerical analysis results demonstrated that the photothermal window systems could yield 20.4% energy savings relative to the conventional low-e coated windows. This research paves an underlying thermodynamic mechanism for understanding such a nanoscale phenomenon at the architectural scale. From the implementation perspective, the designed photothermal film can be added into the existing single-pane windows for energy-efficient retrofitting purposes. 

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5. Parametric Energy Simulation Methods for Solar-NIR Selective Glazing Systems

   https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012129  

   Duan, Qiuhua; Zhang, Enhe; Hinkle, Laura; Wang, Julian (November 2021, Journal of Physics: Conference Series)

   Abstract Solar near-infrared (NIR) selective glazing systems have been proposed by incorporating photothermal effects (PTE) of a nanoparticle film into building windows. From an energy efficiency perspective, the nanoscale PTE forms unique inward-flowing heat by heating up the window interior surface temperature under solar near-infrared, significantly improving the window thermal performance. Also, the PTE-driven solar heat gains are dynamic upon solar radiation and weather conditions. However, the PTE on annual building energy use has not been investigated thoroughly, due to the lack of an accurate and appropriate energy simulation method. In this study, we used the EnergyPlus energy management system to develop a parametric energy model and simulation approach in which a solar-temperature-dependent thermal model was embedded into the parametric energy simulation workflow. Applying this method, we examined the solar near-infrared-dependent PTE-induced thermal performances of glazing systems and their effects on annual heating energy use in representative cold climates (i.e., Zones 4, 5, and 6). The results show that the dynamic model considering the PTE demonstrated more heating energy savings, up to 11.64% in cold climates, as opposed to the baseline model that ignored the PTE. This work presents a method to model and simulate the dynamic thermal performance of windows with PTE. 

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