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1. Modeling and Validating RF-Only Interferometric Triggering with Cosmic Rays for BEACON

   https://doi.org/10.22323/1.395.1072  

   Zeolla, Andrew ; Wissel, S. A. ; Alvarez-Muñiz, J. ; Carvalho Jr., W. ; Cummings, A. C. ; Curtis-Ginsberg, Z. ; Deaconu, C. ; Hughes, K. ; Ludwig, A. ; Mulrey, K. ; et al ( March 2022 , 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2021))

   When Earth-skimming tau neutrinos interact within the Earth, they generate upgoing tau leptons that can decay in the atmosphere, forming extensive air showers. The Beamforming Elevated Array for COsmic Neutrinos (BEACON) is a novel detector concept that utilizes a radio interferometer atop a mountain to search for the radio emission due to these extensive air showers. The prototype, located at the White Mountain Research Station in California, consists of 4 crossed-dipole antennas operating in the 30-80 MHz range and uses a directional interferometric trigger for reduced thresholds and background rejection. The prototype will first be used to detect down-going cosmicmore »rays to validate the detector model. A Monte-Carlo simulation was developed to predict the acceptance of the prototype to cosmic rays, as well as the expected rate of detection. In this simulation, cosmic ray induced air showers with random properties are generated in an area around the prototype array. It is then determined if a given shower triggers the array using radio emission simulations from ZHAireS and antenna modelling from XFdtd. Here, we present the methodology and results of this simulation.« less
2. Reconstructing the neutrino energy for in-ice radio detectors: A study for the Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland (RNO-G)

   https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10034-4  

   Aguilar, J. A. ; Allison, P. ; Beatty, J. J. ; Bernhoff, H. ; Besson, D. ; Bingefors, N. ; Botner, O. ; Bouma, S. ; Buitink, S. ; Carter, K. ; et al ( February 2022 , The European Physical Journal C)

   Abstract Since summer 2021, the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G) is searching for astrophysical neutrinos at energies $${>10}$$ > 10  PeV by detecting the radio emission from particle showers in the ice around Summit Station, Greenland. We present an extensive simulation study that shows how RNO-G will be able to measure the energy of such particle cascades, which will in turn be used to estimate the energy of the incoming neutrino that caused them. The location of the neutrino interaction is determined using the differences in arrival times between channels and the electric field of the radio signal ismore »reconstructed using a novel approach based on Information Field Theory. Based on these properties, the shower energy can be estimated. We show that this method can achieve an uncertainty of 13% on the logarithm of the shower energy after modest quality cuts and estimate how this can constrain the energy of the neutrino. The method presented in this paper is applicable to all similar radio neutrino detectors, such as the proposed radio array of IceCube-Gen2.« less
3. Physics Potential of a Radio Surface Array at the South Pole

   https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921601007  

   Schröder, Frank G. ; Riccobene, G. ; Biagi, S. ; Capone, A. ; Distefano, C. ; Piattelli, P. ( January 2019 , EPJ Web of Conferences)

   A surface array of radio antennas will enhance the performance of the IceTop array and enable new, complementary science goals. First, the accuracy for cosmic-ray air showers will be increased since the radio array provides a calorimetric measurement of the electromagnetic component and is sensitive to the position of the shower maximum. This enhanced accuracy can be used to better measure the mass composition, to search for possible mass-dependent anisotropies in the arrival directions of cosmic rays, and for more thorough tests of hadronic interaction models. Second, the sensitivity of the radio array to inclined showers will increase the skymore »coverage for cosmic-ray measurements. Third, the radio array can be used to search for PeV photons from the Galactic Center. Since IceTop is planned to be enhanced by a scintillator array in the near future, a radio extension sharing the same infrastructure can be installed with minimal additional effort and excellent scientific prospects. The combination of ice-Cherenkov, scintillation, and radio detectors at IceCube will provide unprecedented accuracy for the study of highenergy Galactic cosmic rays.« less
4. Study of mass composition of cosmic rays with IceTop and IceCube

   https://doi.org/10.22323/1.395.0323  

   Abbasi, Rasha ; Ackermann, Markus ; Adams, Jenni ; Aguilar, Juanan ; Ahlers, M. ; Ahrens, Maryon ; Alispach, Cyril Martin ; Alves Junior, Antonio Augusto ; Amin, Najia Moureen ; An, Rui ; et al ( July 2021 , Proceedings of the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference)

   null (Ed.)

   The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a multi-component detector at the South Pole which detects high-energy particles emerging from astrophysical events. These particles provide us with insights into the fundamental properties and behaviour of their sources. Besides its principal usage and merits in neutrino astronomy, using IceCube in conjunction with its surface array, IceTop, also makes it a unique three-dimensional cosmic-ray detector. This distinctive feature helps facilitate detailed cosmic-ray analysis in the transition region from galactic to extragalactic sources. We will present the progress made on multiple fronts to establish a framework for mass-estimation of primary cosmic rays. The first techniquemore »relies on a likelihood-based analysis of the surface signal distribution and improves upon the standard reconstruction technique. The second uses advanced methods in graph neural networks to use the full in-ice shower footprint, in addition to global shower-footprint features from IceTop. A comparison between the two methods for composition analysis as well as a possible extension of the analysis techniques for sub-PeV cosmic-ray air-showers will also be discussed.« less
5. Sensitivity studies for the IceCube-Gen2 radio array

   https://doi.org/10.22323/1.395.1183  

   Abbasi, Rasha ; Ackermann, Markus ; Adams, Jenni ; Aguilar, Juanan ; Ahlers, M. ; Ahrens, Maryon ; Alispach, Cyril Martin ; Allison, Patrick ; Alves Junior, Antonio Augusto ; Amin, Najia Moureen ; et al ( March 2022 , 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2021))

   The IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole has measured the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux up to ~PeV energies and is starting to identify first point source candidates. The next generation facility, IceCube-Gen2, aims at extending the accessible energy range to EeV in order to measure the continuation of the astrophysical spectrum, to identify neutrino sources, and to search for a cosmogenic neutrino flux. As part of IceCube-Gen2, a radio array is foreseen that is sensitive to detect Askaryan emission of neutrinos beyond ~30 PeV. Surface and deep antenna stations have different benefits in terms of effective area, resolution, andmore »the capability to reject backgrounds from cosmic-ray air showers and may be combined to reach the best sensitivity. The optimal detector configuration is still to be identified. This contribution presents the full-array simulation efforts for a combination of deep and surface antennas, and compares different design options with respect to their sensitivity to fulfill the science goals of IceCube-Gen2.« less