Collaborative filtering (CF) has been proven to be one of the most effective techniques for recommendation. Among all CF approaches, SimpleX is the state-of-the-art method that adopts a novel loss function and a proper number of negative samples. However, there is no work that optimizes SimpleX on multi-core CPUs, leading to limited performance. To this end, we perform an in-depth profiling and analysis of existing SimpleX implementations and identify their performance bottlenecks including (1) irregular memory accesses, (2) unnecessary memory copies, and (3) redundant computations. To address these issues, we propose an efficient CF training system (called HEAT) that fully enables the multi-level caching and multi-threading capabilities of modern CPUs. Specifically, the optimization of HEAT is threefold: (1) It tiles the embedding matrix to increase data locality and reduce cache misses (thus reduce read latency); (2) It optimizes stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with sampling by parallelizing vector products instead of matrix-matrix multiplications, in particular the similarity computation therein, to avoid memory copies for matrix data preparation; and (3) It aggressively reuses intermediate results from the forward phase in the backward phase to alleviate redundant computation. Evaluation on five widely used datasets with both x86- and ARM-architecture processors shows that HEATmore »
HEALS: A Parallel eALS Recommendation System on CPU/GPU Heterogeneous Platforms
Alternating Least Square (ALS) is a classic algorithm to solve matrix factorization widely used in recommendation systems. Existing efforts focus on parallelizing ALS on multi-/many-core platforms to handle large datasets. Recently, an optimized ALS variant called eALS was proposed, and it yields significantly lower time complexity and higher recommending accuracy than ALS. However, it is challenging to parallelize eALS on modern parallel architectures (e.g., CPUs and GPUs) because: 1) eALS’ data dependence prevents it from fine-grained parallel execution, thus eALS cannot fully utilize GPU's massive parallelism, 2) the sparsity of input data causes poor data locality and unbalanced workload, and 3) its large memory usage cannot fit into GPU's limited on-device memory, particularly for real-world large datasets. This paper proposes an efficient CPU/GPU heterogeneous recommendation system based on fast eALS for the first time (called HEALS) that consists of a set of system optimizations. HEALS employs newly designed architecture-adaptive data formats to achieve load balance and good data locality on CPU and GPU. HEALS also presents a CPU/GPU collaboration model that can explore both task parallelism and data parallelism. HEALS also optimizes this collaboration model with data communication overlapping and dynamic workload partition between CPU and GPU. Moreover, HEALS is more »
- Award ID(s):
- 2047516
- Publication Date:
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10357931
- Journal Name:
- 2021 IEEE 28th International Conference on High Performance Computing, Data, and Analytics (HiPC)
- Page Range or eLocation-ID:
- 252 to 261
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Publisher's Version of Record
- https://doi.org/10.1109/HiPC53243.2021.00039
