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1. Focussed degassing of stored continental deep carbon

   FISCHER, T; MUIRHEAD, J; SANO, Y; TAKAHATA, N.; LAIZER, A.; KAZIMOTO, E.; OLIVA, S.; EBINGER, C.; VAN WIJK, WERNER; AIUPPA, A.; et al (December 2019, American Geophysical Union Fall meeting)
2. Monitoring underwater volcano degassing using fiber-optic sensing

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53444-y  

   Caudron, Corentin; Miao, Yaolin; Spica, Zack J; Wollin, Christopher; Haberland, Christian; Jousset, Philippe; Yates, Alexander; Vandemeulebrouck, Jean; Schmidt, Bernd; Krawczyk, Charlotte; et al (February 2024, Scientific Reports (Sci Rep))

   Continuous monitoring of volcanic gas emissions is crucial for understanding volcanic activity and potential eruptions. However, emissions of volcanic gases underwater are infrequently studied or quantified. This study explores the potential of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology to monitor underwater volcanic degassing. DAS converts fiber-optic cables into high-resolution vibration recording arrays, providing measurements at unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. We conducted an experiment at Laacher See volcano in Germany, immersing a fiber-optic cable in the lake and interrogating it with a DAS system. We detected and analyzed numerous acoustic signals that we associated with bubble emissions in different lake areas. Three types of text-book bubbles exhibiting characteristic waveforms are all found from our detections, indicating different nucleation processes and bubble sizes. Using clustering algorithms, we classified bubble events into four distinct clusters based on their temporal and spectral characteristics. The temporal distribution of the events provided insights into the evolution of gas seepage patterns. This technology has the potential to revolutionize underwater degassing monitoring and provide valuable information for studying volcanic processes and estimating gas emissions. Furthermore, DAS can be applied to other applications, such as monitoring underwater carbon capture and storage operations or methane leaks associated with climate change. 

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3. Understanding CO2-S Degassing from San Cristóbal Volcano

   León Jr, C.; Ding, S.; Plank, T.A. (October 2022, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts)

   Abstract 

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4. Tectonic degassing drove global temperature trends since 20 Ma

   https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abl4353  

   Herbert, Timothy D.; Dalton, Colleen A.; Liu, Zhonghui; Salazar, Andrea; Si, Weimin; Wilson, Douglas S. (July 2022, Science)

   Changes in plate tectonics drove degassing of carbon dioxide and global temperatures over the past 20 million years. 

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5. Sulfur_X: A Model of Sulfur Degassing During Magma Ascent

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GC010552  

   Ding, Shuo; Plank, Terry; Wallace, Paul J.; Rasmussen, Daniel J. (April 2023, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems)

   Abstract The degassing of CO₂and S from arc volcanoes is fundamentally important to global climate, eruption forecasting, ore deposits, and the cycling of volatiles through subduction zones. However, all existing thermodynamic/empirical models have difficulties reproducing CO₂‐H₂O‐S trends observed in melt inclusions and provide widely conflicting results regarding the relationships between pressure and CO₂/SO₂in the vapor. In this study, we develop an open‐source degassing model, Sulfur_X, to track the evolution of S, CO₂, H₂O, and redox states in melt and vapor in ascending mafic‐intermediate magma. Sulfur_X describes sulfur degassing by parameterizing experimentally derived sulfur partition coefficients for two equilibria: RxnI. FeS (m) + H₂O (v)  H₂S (v) + FeO (m), and RxnII. CaSO₄(m)  SO₂(v) + O₂(v) + CaO (m), based on the sulfur speciation in the melt (m) and co‐existing vapor (v). Sulfur_X is also the first to track the evolution offO₂and sulfur and iron redox states accurately in the system using electron balance and equilibrium calculations. Our results show that a typical H₂O‐rich (4.5 wt.%) arc magma with high initial S⁶⁺/ΣS ratio (>0.5) will degas much more (∼2/3) of its initial sulfur at high pressures (>200 MPa) than H₂O‐poor ocean island basalts with low initial S⁶⁺/ΣS ratio (<0.1), which will degas very little sulfur until shallow pressures (<50 MPa). The pressure‐S relationship in the melt predicted by Sulfur_X provides new insights into interpreting the CO₂/S_Tratio measured in high‐T volcanic gases in the run‐up to the eruption. 

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