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1. A 24 GHz Flexible 10 × 10 Phased Array Antenna for 3D Beam Steering Based V2V Applications

   https://doi.org/10.1109/PAST49659.2022.9975066  

   Kakaraparty, Karthik; Mahbub, Ifana (December 2022, 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems & Technology (PAST))

   This paper presents a flexible 10 × 10 phased-array antenna for efficient and high-gain 3D beam steering applications. The proposed antenna array consists of 25 quadrants of 2 × 2 unit cells, wherein each 2 × 2 unit cell is coaxially fed. The 45° phase shifting lines are incorporated in the feeding paths to facilitate the wide beamsteering range. The dimensions of the proposed phased array antenna (PAA) are 90 × 90 × 0.324 mm 3 . Simulation results show that the proposed phased-array antenna has a resonating frequency at 24 GHz with an operational bandwidth from 23.64 GHz to 24.31 GHz along with a high gain of 29.4 dBi. The array exhibits a maximum beam steering range of 149.8° in the θ axis and 120° in the ϕ axis with a gain variation less than 0.9 dBi. The proposed flexible PAA is suitable for its placement on curved surfaces of autonomous vehicles such as UAVs(Unmanned aerial vehicles). 

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2. Design of a Compact 24 GHz Antenna Array for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication

   https://doi.org/10.1109/AP-S/USNC-URSI47032.2022.9886200  

   Kakaraparty, Karthik; Roy, Sunanda; Mahbub, Ifana (September 2022, 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/URSI))

   This paper presents the design of a compact 4 × 4 antenna array suitable for unmanned aerial vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication applications. The proposed antenna array can offer a narrow beamwidth, high gain, wide beam steering capability and is highly compact. The substrate material used is Rogers 5880 with a thickness of 0.2 mm, and copper is used for the patch and ground material with 0.14 mm thickness. The di-electric constant and the tangent loss of the Rogers substrate are 2.2 and 0.0004, respectively. 45° phase shifters are incorporated in the feeding paths to facilitate the beamsteering. The dimensions of the proposed antenna array are 32 × 32 × 0.48 mm 3 . The designed antenna array has the resonating frequency at 24 GHz and has a bandwidth of 0.83 GHz (3.5% fractional bandwidth). The measured far field gain of the designed antenna array is 16.7 dBi. The beamwidth derived from the array’s far-field radiation pattern is 14.6°, and the maximum beam steering range of the array is 102° along the θ axis. 

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3. Modeling and Optimization of the Steering Range of a Phased Array Antenna for Neuromodulation Applications in the Near-Field Region

   https://doi.org/10.1109/USNC-URSI52151.2023.10238083  

   Saha, Nabanita; Mahbub, Ifana (July 2023, 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI))

   This paper presents modeling and optimization of the steering range of a microstrip planar phased array antenna to steer the unidirectional near-field focused beam towards a certain direction. This antenna can be implemented in headstage-based neural stimulation system and wireless recording system for optogenetic neuromodulation applications. The proposed phased-array antenna consists of sixteen elements that are designed to provide a uniform power transmission over the 27 cm×23 cm×16 cm rat behavioral cage area. The proposed transmitter (TX) antenna implements a near-field-based wireless power transmission system operating at 2.4 GHz frequency. The phased array antenna steers the beam from -30° to 60° in the elevation plane by feeding the individual elements with different phases using four 4-bit phase shifters. A design analysis of the beam-steering approach of the phased array antenna is presented and the corresponding simulation and measurement results are included in this paper. 

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4. Fully 3D-Printed mm-Wave Wide-Angle 1D Beam-Steering Antenna Using Zigzagged Lens Antenna Subarrays With Curved Focal Surfaces

   https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3592898  

   Jebreil, Omar; Liu, Ruoke; Mumcu, Gökhan (October 2025, IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation)

   This paper presents a fully 3D-printed wideband mm-wave beam-steering antenna concept capable of performing wide-angle electronic beam-steering by making use of zigzagged lens antenna subarrays (LASs) with curved focal surfaces. The concept is demonstrated through the design and realization of a 38 GHz antenna consisting of L=4 dielectric slab waveguide (DSW) lenses each fed with structurally embedded M=6 TEM horn antennas, which can effectively reduce the required number of phase shifters (PSs) from N=M×L=24 to L=4 . It is demonstrated that the joint utilization of zigzagged LAS and curved focal surfaces with structurally integrated TEM horn antennas, all enabled through the design flexibilities offered by the emerging additive manufacturing (AM) technology, improves the realized gain, side lobe level (SLL), and beam-steering range in comparison to the earlier versions realized with planar focal surfaces. Specifically, the antenna exhibits a simulated realized gain of 16.5 dBi with an H-plane beam-steering range exceeding ±45° and a half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of 4.5° while maintaining an SLL below –9.3 dB across the entirety of the scan range. Measurements taken with the manufactured antenna prototype show excellent agreement with the performance obtained from full-wave simulations. 

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5. A Magnetic Sensor based Auto-tracking system for 2.4 GHz Near-field Phased-Array based Wireless Power Transfer System in Neuromodulation Applications

   Nabanita Saha, Erik Pineda (January 2023, 2023 USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting)

   This paper presents a magnetic sensor based autotracking method for a phased array based wireless power transfer system to be implemented in neuromodulation applications. This method is proposed to track the position of the receiver(placed on a freely moving animal) and transmit the microwave signal with a focused beam to the target receiver. The coordinate locations of the target are obtained from the magnetic sensor and converted into phase information for the phased array. The system is constructed by a 2.4 GHz near-field 4×4 phased array transmitter antenna with 4-bit phase shifters. The phased array TX antenna steers the beam from -5° to -155° in the θ plane. The magnetic sensor can detect the location of the receiver and the in this steering range. The process of tracking the the target and focusing the beam has been evaluated by simulation. 

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