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1. Facial Recognition: Understanding Concerns and Privacy Attitudes Across Increasingly Diverse Deployment Scenarios

   Zhang, S.; Feng, Y.; Sadeh, N. (January 2021, USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security)

   null (Ed.)

   The rapid growth of facial recognition technology across ever more diverse contexts calls for a better understanding of how people feel about these deployments — whether they see value in them or are concerned about their privacy, and to what extent they have generally grown accustomed to them. We present a qualitative analysis of data gathered as part of a 10-day experience sampling study with 123 participants who were presented with realistic deployment scenarios of facial recognition as they went about their daily lives. Responses capturing their attitudes towards these deployments were collected both in situ and through daily evening surveys, in which participants were asked to reflect on their experiences and reactions. Ten follow-up interviews were conducted to further triangulate the data from the study. Our results highlight both the perceived benefits and concerns people express when faced with different facial recognition deployment scenarios. Participants reported concerns about the accuracy of the technology, including possible bias in its analysis, privacy concerns about the type of information being collected or inferred, and more generally, the dragnet effect resulting from the widespread deployment. Based on our findings, we discuss strategies and guidelines for informing the deployment of facial recognition, particularly focusing on ensuring that people are given adequate levels of transparency and control. 

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2. When does data collection and use become a matter of concern? A cross-cultural comparison of American and Dutch people’s privacy attitudes

   Vitak, J.; Liao, Y.; Mols, A. D.; Zimmer, M.; Kumar, P. C.; Pridmore, J. (January 2023, International Journal of Communication)

   Around the world, people increasingly generate data through their everyday activities. Much of this happens unwittingly through sensors, cameras, and other surveillance tools on roads, in cities, and at the workplace. However, how individuals and governments think about privacy varies significantly around the world. In this article, we explore differences between people’s attitudes toward privacy and data collection practices in the United States and the Netherlands, two countries with very different regulatory approaches to governing consumer privacy. Through a factorial vignette survey deployed in the two countries, we identify specific contextual factors associated with concerns regarding how personal data are being used. Using Nissenbaum’s framework of privacy as contextual integrity to guide our analysis, we consider the role that five factors play in this assessment: actors (those using data), data type, amount of data collected, reported purpose of data use, and inferences drawn from the data. Findings indicate nationally bound differences as well as shared concerns and indicate future directions for cross-cultural privacy research. 

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3. An Empirical Study of the Effects of Virtual Currency on Learners in Out of Class Practicing

   https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_6  

   Dicheva, D.; Cassel, L.; Styer, R.; Dichev, C.; Guy, B.; Irwin, K. (September 2022, European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning (EC-TEL 2022))

   Hilliger, I.; Muñoz-Merino, P.J.; De Laet, T.; Ortega-Arranz, A.; Farrell, T. (Ed.)

   As a gamification element, virtual currency (VC) stands for rewards that can be exchanged for virtual or real goods. While some forms of reward-based gamification have been studied extensively, the exploration of the impact of VC on learners is relatively scarce. In particular, there is a lack of studies investigating its effects in different learning contexts. Since VC can evoke perception of benefits with positive impact on course outcomes, it may be experienced as an extrinsic incentive. On the other hand, VC can promote internalized motivation when awarded for accomplishment of certain challenges. To bridge this gap we are conducting a longitudinal study on the impact of VC on student motivation and engagement in different contexts and with different types of learners. The goal of this paper is to empirically investigate whether and how VC can improve the engagement in out-of-class practicing of a certain population of learners in a gamified Discrete Structures course. The study demonstrated a strong positive impact of VC on learners’ engagement however VC exhibited no significant impact on students’ academic performance and intrinsic motivation. 

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4. Strengthening Children’s Privacy Literacy through Contextual Integrity

   https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i4.3236  

   Kumar, Priya C.; Subramaniam, Mega; Vitak, Jessica; Clegg, Tamara L.; Chetty, Marshini (November 2020, Media and Communication)

   null (Ed.)

   Researchers and policymakers advocate teaching children about digital privacy, but privacy literacy has not been theorized for children. Drawing on interviews with 30 families, including 40 children, we analyze children’s perspectives on password management in three contexts—family life, friendship, and education—and develop a new approach to privacy literacy grounded in Nissenbaum’s contextual integrity framework. Contextual integrity equates privacy with appropriate flows of information, and we show how children’s perceptions of the appropriateness of disclosing a password varied across contexts. We explain why privacy literacy should focus on norms rather than rules and discuss how adults can use learning moments to strengthen children’s privacy literacy. We argue that equipping children to make privacy-related decisions serves them better than instructing them to follow privacy-related rules. 

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5. Understanding the role of privacy and trust in intelligent personal assistant adoption

   https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15742-5_9  

   Liao, Y.; Vitak, J.; Kumar, P.; Zimmer, M.; Kritikos, K. (March 2019, Proceedings of the 13th Annual iConference, Lecture Notes in Computer Science)

   Voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants (IPAs) have seen tremendous growth in recent years on smartphones and as standalone devices in people’s homes. While research has examined the potential benefits and drawbacks of these devices for IPA users, few studies have empirically evaluated the role of privacy and trust in individual decision to adopt IPAs. In this study, we present findings from a survey of IPA users and non-users (N=1160) to understand (1) the motivations and barriers to adopting IPAs and (2) how concerns about data privacy and trust in company compliance with social contract related to IPA data affect acceptance and use of IPAs. We discuss our findings in light of social contract theory and frameworks of technology acceptance. 

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