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1. Spectroscopic Confirmation of an Ultra-Massive Galaxy in a Protocluster at z∼4.9

   https://doi.org/10.33232/001c.120087  

   Urbano_Stawinski, Stephanie M ; Cooper, M C ; Forrest, Ben ; Muzzin, Adam ; Marchesini, Danilo ; Wilson, Gillian ; Gomez, Percy ; McConachie, Ian ; Marsan, Z Cemile ; Annuziatella, Marianna ; et al ( June 2024 , The Open Journal of Astrophysics)

   We present spectroscopic confirmation of an ultra-massive galaxy (UMG) with$log\left(M_{\star }/M_{\odot }\right)=10.98\pm 0.07$at$z_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}}=4.8947$in the Extended Groth Strip (EGS), based on deep observations of Ly$\alpha$emission with Keck/DEIMOS. The ultra-massive galaxy (UMG-28740) is the most massive member in one of the most significant overdensities in the EGS, with four additional photometric members with$log\left(M_{\star }/M_{\odot }\right)>10.5$within$R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{j}}\sim 1$cMpc. Spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting using a large suite of star formation histories and two sets of high-quality photometry from ground- and space-based facilities consistently estimates the mass of this object to be$log\left(M_{\star }/M_{\odot }\right)\sim 11$with a small standard deviation between measurements ($\sigma =0.07$). While the best-fit SED models agree on stellar mass, we find discrepancies in the estimated star formation rate for UMG-28740, resulting in either a star-forming or quiescent system.$𝐽𝑊𝑆𝑇$/NIRCam photometry of UMG-28740 strongly favors a quiescent scenario, demonstrating the need for high-quality mid-IR observations. Assuming the galaxy to be quiescent, UMG-28740 formed the bulk of its stars at$z>10$and is quenching at$z\sim 8$, resulting in a high star formation efficiency at high redshift ($ϵ\sim 0.2$at$z\sim 5$and$ϵ\gtrsim 1$at$z\gtrsim 8$). As the most massive galaxy in its protocluster environment, UMG-28740 is a unique example of the impossibly early galaxy problem.

    

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2. Error-correcting codes for fermionic quantum simulation

   https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhys.16.1.033  

   Chen, Yu-An ; Gorshkov, Alexey V. ; Xu, Yijia ( January 2024 , SciPost Physics)

   Utilizing the framework of\mathbb{Z}_2${\mathbb{Z}}_2$lattice gauge theories in the context of Pauli stabilizer codes, we present methodologies for simulating fermions via qubit systems on a two-dimensional square lattice. We investigate the symplectic automorphisms of the Pauli module over the Laurent polynomial ring. This enables us to systematically increase the code distances of stabilizer codes while fixing the rate between encoded logical fermions and physical qubits. We identify a family of stabilizer codes suitable for fermion simulation, achieving code distances of d=2,3,4,5,6,7, allowing correction of any\lfloor \frac{d-1}{2} \rfloor$\lfloor \frac{d-1}{2}\rfloor$-qubit error. In contrast to the traditional code concatenation approach, our method can increase the code distances without decreasing the (fermionic) code rate. In particular, we explicitly show all stabilizers and logical operators for codes with code distances of d=3,4,5. We provide syndromes for all Pauli errors and invent a syndrome-matching algorithm to compute code distances numerically.

    

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3. Products of primes in arithmetic progressions

   https://doi.org/10.1515/crelle-2023-0096  

   Matomäki, Kaisa ; Teräväinen, Joni ( January 2024 , Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelles Journal))

   A conjecture of Erdős states that, for any large primeq, every reduced residue class$(\mathrm{mod}q)${(\operatorname{mod}q)}can be represented as a product$p_1{p}_2${p_{1}p_{2}}of two primes$p_1,p_2\le q${p_{1},p_{2}\leq q}. We establish a ternary version of this conjecture, showing that, for any sufficiently large cube-free integerq, every reduced residue class$(\mathrm{mod}q)${(\operatorname{mod}q)}can be written as$p_1{p}_2{p}_3${p_{1}p_{2}p_{3}}with$p_1,p_2,p_3\le q${p_{1},p_{2},p_{3}\leq q}primes. We also show that, for any$\epsilon >0${\varepsilon>0}and any sufficiently large integerq, at least$(\frac{2}{3}-\epsilon )\phi (q)${(\frac{2}{3}-\varepsilon)\varphi(q)}reduced residue classes$(\mathrm{mod}q)${(\operatorname{mod}q)}can be represented as a product$p_1{p}_2${p_{1}p_{2}}of two primes$p_1,p_2\le q${p_{1},p_{2}\leq q}.The problems naturally reduce to studying character sums. The main innovation in the paper is the establishment of a multiplicative dense model theorem for character sums over primes in the spirit of the transference principle. In order to deal with possible local obstructions we establish bounds for the logarithmic density of primes in certain unions of cosets of subgroups of${\mathbb{Z}}_q^{\times }${\mathbb{Z}_{q}^{\times}}of small index and study in detail the exceptional case that there exists a quadratic character$\psi (\mathrm{mod}q)${\psi~{}(\operatorname{mod}\,q)}such that$\psi (p)=-1${\psi(p)=-1}for very many primes$p\le q${p\leq q}.

    

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4. Detailed report on the measurement of the positive muon anomalous magnetic moment to 0.20 ppm

   https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.110.032009  

   Aguillard, D P ; Albahri, T ; Allspach, D ; Anisenkov, A ; Badgley, K ; Baeßler, S ; Bailey, I ; Bailey, L ; Baranov, V A ; Barlas-Yucel, E ; et al ( August 2024 , Physical Review D)

   We present details on a new measurement of the muon magnetic anomaly,$a_{\mu }=(g_{\mu }-2)/2$. The result is based on positive muon data taken at Fermilab’s Muon Campus during the 2019 and 2020 accelerator runs. The measurement uses$3.1\mathrm{GeV}/c$polarized muons stored in a 7.1-m-radius storage ring with a 1.45 T uniform magnetic field. The value of$a_{\mu }$is determined from the measured difference between the muon spin precession frequency and its cyclotron frequency. This difference is normalized to the strength of the magnetic field, measured using nuclear magnetic resonance. The ratio is then corrected for small contributions from beam motion, beam dispersion, and transient magnetic fields. We measure$a_{\mu }=116592057(25)\times {10}^{-11}$(0.21 ppm). This is the world’s most precise measurement of this quantity and represents a factor of 2.2 improvement over our previous result based on the 2018 dataset. In combination, the two datasets yield$a_{\mu }(\mathrm{FNAL})=116592055(24)\times {10}^{-11}$(0.20 ppm). Combining this with the measurements from Brookhaven National Laboratory for both positive and negative muons, the new world average is$a_{\mu }(\exp )=116592059(22)\times {10}^{-11}$(0.19 ppm).

   Published by the American Physical Society2024 

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5. Precision Higgs width and couplings with a high energy muon collider

   https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP01(2024)182  

   Forslund, Matthew ; Meade, Patrick ( January 2024 , Journal of High Energy Physics)

   The interpretation of Higgs data is typically based on different assumptions about whether there can be additional decay modes of the Higgs or if any couplings can be bounded by theoretical arguments. Going beyond these assumptions requires either a precision measurement of the Higgs width or an absolute measurement of a coupling to eliminate a flat direction in precision fits that occurs when$$ \left|{g}_{hVV}/{g}_{hVV}^{SM}\right| $$$\left(g_{\mathrm{hVV}}/g_{\mathrm{hVV}}^{\mathrm{SM}}\right)$> 1, whereV=W^±,Z. In this paper we explore how well a high energy muon collider can test Higgs physics without having to make assumptions on the total width of the Higgs. In particular, we investigate off-shell methods for Higgs production used at the LHC and searches for invisible decays of the Higgs to see how powerful they are at a muon collider. We then investigate the theoretical requirements on a model which can exist in such a flat direction. Combining expected Higgs precision with other constraints, the most dangerous flat direction is described by generalized Georgi-Machacek models. We find that by combining direct searches with Higgs precision, a high energy muon collider can robustly test single Higgs precision down to the$$ \mathcal{O}\left(.1\%\right) $$$O\left(.1\%\right)$level without having to assume SM Higgs decays. Furthermore, it allows one to bound new contributions to the width at the sub-percent level as well. Finally, we comment on how even in this difficult flat direction for Higgs precision, a muon collider can robustly test or discover new physics in multiple ways. Expanding beyond simple coupling modifiers/EFTs, there is a large region of parameter space that muon colliders can explore for EWSB that is not probed with only standard Higgs precision observables.

    

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