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Abstract The Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (Hunga) volcanic eruption in January 2022 injected a substantial amount of water vapor and a moderate amount of SO2into the stratosphere. Both satellite observations in 2022 and subsequent chemistry‐climate model simulations forced by realistic Hunga perturbations reveal large‐scale cooling in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) tropical to subtropical stratosphere following the Hunga eruption. This study analyzes the drivers of this cooling, including the distinctive role of anomalies in water vapor, ozone, and sulfate aerosol concentration on the simulated climate response to the Hunga volcanic forcing, based on climate simulations with prescribed chemistry/aerosol. Simulated circulation and temperature anomalies based on specified‐chemistry simulations show good agreement with previous coupled‐chemistry simulations and indicate that each forcing of ozone, water vapor, and sulfate aerosol from the Hunga volcanic eruption contributed to the circulation and temperature anomalies in the SH stratosphere. Our results also suggest that (a) the large‐scale stratospheric cooling during the austral winter was mainly induced by changes in dynamical processes, not by radiative processes, and that (b) the radiative feedback from negative ozone anomalies contributed to the prolonged cold temperature anomalies in the lower stratosphere (∼70 hPa level) and hence to long lasting cold conditions of the polar vortex.
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Anomalous trends in global ocean carbon concentrations following the 2022 eruptions of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai
Abstract We report on observed trend anomalies in climate-relevant global ocean biogeochemical properties, as derived from satellite ocean color measurements, that show a substantial decline in phytoplankton carbon concentrations following eruptions of the submarine volcano Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai in January 2022. The anomalies are seen in remotely-sensed ocean color data sets from multiple satellite missions, but not in situ observations, thus suggesting that the observed anomalies are a result of ocean color retrieval errors rather than indicators of a major shift in phytoplankton carbon concentrations. The enhanced concentration of aerosols in the stratosphere following the eruptions results in a violation of some fundamental assumptions in the processing algorithms used to obtain marine biogeochemical properties from satellite radiometric observations, and it is demonstrated through radiative transfer simulations that this is the likely cause of the anomalous trends. We note that any future stratospheric aerosol disturbances, either natural or geoengineered, may lead to similar artifacts in satellite ocean color and other remote-sensing measurements of the marine environment, thus confounding our ability to track the impact of such events on ocean ecosystems.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2147809
- PAR ID:
- 10521637
- Publisher / Repository:
- Nature Portfolio
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Communications Earth & Environment
- Volume:
- 5
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 2662-4435
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01421-8
