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Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in plants have emerged as key players in cell‐to‐cell communication and cross‐kingdom RNAi between plants and pathogens by facilitating the exchange of RNA, proteins, and other molecules. In addition to their role in intercellular communication, plant EVs also show promise as potential therapeutics and indicators of plant health. However, plant EVs exhibit significant heterogeneity in their protein markers, size, and biogenesis pathways, strongly influencing their composition and functionality. While mammalian EVs can be generally classified as exosomes that are derived from multivesicular bodies (MVBs), microvesicles that are shed from the plasma membrane, or as apoptotic bodies that originate from cells undergoing apoptosis, plant EVs remain poorly studied in comparison. At least three subclasses of EVs have been identified inArabidopsisleaves to date, including Tetraspanin‐positive exosomes derived from MVBs, Penetration 1 (PEN1)‐positive EVs, and EVs derived from exocyst‐positive organelles (EXPO). Differences in the plant starting material and isolation techniques have resulted in different purities, quality, and compositions of the resulting EVs, complicating efforts to better understand the role of these EVs in plants. We performed a comparative analysis on commonly used plant EV isolation methods and have identified an effective protocol for extracting clean apoplastic washing fluid (AWF) and isolating high‐quality intact and pure EVs ofArabidopsis thaliana. These EVs can then be used for various applications or studied to assess their cargos and functionality in plants. Furthermore, this process can be easily adapted to other plant species of interest. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of EVs from the apoplastic fluid ofArabidopsis thaliana Basic Protocol 2: Density gradient fractionation of EVs Basic Protocol 3: Immuno‐isolation of EVs usingArabidopsistetraspanin 8 (TET8) antibody
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(Ultra)wide-bandgap semiconductors for electric vehicles
Abstract The power electronics charging the battery or driving the motor is often the limiting factor for cost and efficiency. In the race for lowering electric vehicle (EV) costs and enabling widespread adoption, careful design of the power electronics is key. EV manufacturers spend a significant amount of effort in evaluating various power-conversion circuit topologies and various power switches to optimize the cost and efficiency of the EV. The right power electronics material can enable improvement in range as well as reduction in size, weight, and cost. This article discusses the essential role of power electronics in EVs and introduces potential materials capable of meeting these requirements, shedding light on their respective advantages and limitations in addressing the evolving needs of power electronics in the context of EVs. Graphical abstract
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- Award ID(s):
- 2043803
- PAR ID:
- 10523694
- Publisher / Repository:
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- MRS Bulletin
- Volume:
- 49
- Issue:
- 7
- ISSN:
- 0883-7694
- Format(s):
- Medium: X Size: p. 730-737
- Size(s):
- p. 730-737
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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