- NSF Public Access
- Search Results
- Search for Gravitational-lensing Signatures in the Full Third Observing Run of the LIGO–Virgo Network
This content will become publicly available on July 31, 2025
Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions to gravitational wave (GW) signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology, and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by (1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, (2) calculating the degree of overlap among the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, (3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms among pairs of signals, and (4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by (1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and (2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the nondetection of GW lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects.
more » « less- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10533123
- Author(s) / Creator(s):
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- Corporate Creator(s):
- The_LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration,the_Virgo_Collaboration,and_the_KAGRA_Collaboration
- Publisher / Repository:
- the American Astronomical Society
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Volume:
- 970
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 0004-637X
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 191
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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ABSTRACT Gravitational lensing is the phenomenon where the presence of matter (called a lens) bends the path of light-like trajectories travelling nearby. Similar to the geometric optics limit of electromagnetic waves, gravitational lensing of gravitational waves (GWs) can occur in geometric optics condition when GW wavelength is much smaller than the Schwarzschild radius of the lens, that is, $\lambda _{\mathrm{ GW}} \ll$R$^{\rm s}_{\rm lens}$. This is known as the strong lensing regime for which a multiple-image system with different magnifications and phase shifts is formed. We developed GLANCE, Gravitational Lensing Authenticator using Non-modelled Cross-correlation Exploration, a novel technique to detect strongly lensed GW signals. We demonstrate that cross-correlation between two noisy reconstruction of polarized GW signals shows a non-zero value when the signals are lensed counterparts. The relative strength between the signal cross-correlation and noise cross-correlation can quantify the significance of the event(s) being lensed. Since lensing biases the inference of source parameters, primarily the luminosity distance, a joint parameter estimation of the source and lens-induced parameters is incorporated using a Bayesian framework. We applied GLANCE to synthetic strong lensing data and showed that it can detect lensed GW signals and correctly constrain the injected source and lens parameters, even when one of the signals is below match-filtered threshold signal-to-noise ratio. This demonstrates GLANCE’s capability as a robust detection technique for strongly lensed GW signals and can distinguish between lensed and unlensed events.
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More, Anupreeta ; More, Surhud ( , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society)
ABSTRACT As the number of detected gravitational wave sources increases with increased sensitivity of the gravitational wave observatories, observing strongly lensed pairs of events will become a real possibility. Lensed gravitational wave (GW) events will have very accurately measured time delays and magnification ratios. Suppose we identify the lens system corresponding to a GW event in the electromagnetic domain and also measure the redshifts of the lens and the host galaxy; in that case, we can use the GW event to constrain important astrophysical parameters of the lens system. As most lensing events have image separations that are significantly smaller than the GW event localization uncertainties, we must develop diagnostics that will aid in the robust identification of such lensed events. We define a new statistic based on the joint probability of lensing observables that can be used to discriminate lensed pairs of events from the unlensed ones. To this end, we carry out simulations of lensed GW events to infer the distribution of the relative time delays and relative magnifications subdivided by the type of lensed images. We compare this distribution to a similar one obtained for random unlensed event pairs. Our statistic can improve the search pipelines’ existing ranking approach to down-select event pairs for joint parameter estimates. The distributions we obtain can further be used to define more informative priors in joint parameter estimation analyses for candidate lensed events.
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- This content will become publicly available on July 31, 2025
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad3e83
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!- Citation Formats
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Cite: MLA FormatAbbott, R, Abe, H, Acernese, F, Ackley, K, Adhicary, S, Adhikari, N, Adhikari, R X, Adkins, V K, Adya, V B, Affeldt, C, Agarwal, D, Agathos, M, Aguiar, O D, Aiello, L, Ain, A, Ajith, P, Akutsu, T, Albanesi, S, Alfaidi, R A, Alléné, C, Allocca, A, Altin, P A, Amato, A, Anand, S, Ananyeva, A, Anderson, S B, Anderson, W G, Ando, M, Andrade, T, Andres, N, Andrés-Carcasona, M, Andrić, T, Ansoldi, S, Antelis, J M, Antier, S, Apostolatos, T, Appavuravther, E Z, Appert, S, Apple, S K, Arai, K, Araya, A, Araya, M C, Areeda, J S, Arène, M, Aritomi, N, Arnaud, N, Arogeti, M, Aronson, S M, Asada, H, Ashton, G, Aso, Y, Assiduo, M, Assis_de_Souza_Melo, S, Aston, S M, Astone, P, Aubin, F, AultONeal, K, Babak, S, Badaracco, F, Badger, C, Bae, S, Bae, Y, Bagnasco, S, Bai, Y, Baier, J G, Baird, J, Bajpai, R, Baka, T, Ball, M, Ballardin, G, Ballmer, S W, Baltus, G, Banagiri, S, Banerjee, B, Bankar, D, Barayoga, J C, Barish, B C, Barker, D, Barneo, P, Barone, F, Barr, B, Barsotti, L, 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Branchesi, M, Brau, J E, Breschi, M, Briant, T, Briggs, J H, Brillet, A, Brinkmann, M, Brockill, P, Brooks, A F, Brooks, J, Brown, D D, Brunett, S, Bruno, G, Bruntz, R, Bryant, J, Bucci, F, Buchanan, J, Bulik, T, Bulten, H J, Buonanno, A, Burtnyk, K, Buscicchio, R, Buskulic, D, Buy, C, Byer, R L, Cabourn_Davies, G S, Cabras, G, Cabrita, R, Cadonati, L, Cagnoli, G, Cahillane, C, Calderón_Bustillo, J, Callaghan, J D, Callister, T A, Calloni, E, Camp, J B, Canepa, M, Caneva, G, Cannavacciuolo, M, Cannon, K C, Cao, H, Cao, Z, Capistran, L A, Capocasa, E, Capote, E, Carapella, G, Carbognani, F, Carlassara, M, Carlin, J B, Carpinelli, M, Carrillo, G, Carter, J J, Carullo, G, Casanueva_Diaz, J, Casentini, C, Castaldi, G, Caudill, S, Cavaglià, M, Cavalier, F, Cavalieri, R, Cella, G, Cerdá-Durán, P, Cesarini, E, Chaibi, W, Chakalis, W, Chalathadka_Subrahmanya, S, Champion, E, Chan, C-H, Chan, C, Chan, C L, Chan, K, Chan, M, Chandra, K, Chang, I P, Chang, W, Chanial, P, Chao, S, Chapman-Bird, C, Charlton, P, Chassande-Mottin, E, Chatterjee, C, Chatterjee, Debarati, Chatterjee, Deep, Chaturvedi, M, Chaty, S, Chatziioannou, K, Chen, C, Chen, D, Chen, H Y, Chen, J, Chen, K, Chen, X, Chen, Y-B, Chen, Y-R, Chen, Y, Cheng, H, Chessa, P, Cheung, H Y, Chia, H Y, Chiadini, F, Chiang, C-Y, Chiarini, G, Chierici, R, Chincarini, A, Chiofalo, M L, Chiummo, A, Choudhary, R K, Choudhary, S, Christensen, N, Chu, Q, Chu, Y-K, Chua, S_S Y, Chung, K W, Ciani, G, Ciecielag, P, Cieślar, M, Cifaldi, M, Ciobanu, A A, Ciolfi, R, Clara, F, Clark, J A, Clarke, T A, Clearwater, P, Clesse, S, Cleva, F, Coccia, E, Codazzo, E, Cohadon, P-F, Cohen, D E, Colleoni, M, Collette, C G, Colombo, A, Colpi, M, Compton, C M, Conti, L, Cooper, S J, Corban, P, Corbitt, T R, Cordero-Carrión, I, Corezzi, S, Cornish, N J, Corsi, A, Cortese, S, Coschizza, A C, Cotesta, R, Cottingham, R, Coughlin, M W, Coulon, J-P, Countryman, S T, Cousins, B, Couvares, P, Coward, D M, Cowart, M J, Coyne, D C, Coyne, R, Craig, K, 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Search for Gravitational-lensing Signatures in the Full Third Observing Run of the LIGO–Virgo Network. Retrieved from https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10533123. The Astrophysical Journal 970.2 Web. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3e83.
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Zweizig, J. "Search for Gravitational-lensing Signatures in the Full Third Observing Run of the LIGO–Virgo Network". The Astrophysical Journal 970 (2). Country unknown/Code not available: the American Astronomical Society. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad3e83. https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10533123.
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Cite: BibTeX Format@article{osti_10533123,
place = {Country unknown/Code not available}, title = {Search for Gravitational-lensing Signatures in the Full Third Observing Run of the LIGO–Virgo Network}, url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10533123}, DOI = {10.3847/1538-4357/ad3e83}, abstractNote = {Abstract Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions to gravitational wave (GW) signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology, and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by (1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, (2) calculating the degree of overlap among the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, (3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms among pairs of signals, and (4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by (1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and (2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the nondetection of GW lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects.}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, volume = {970}, number = {2}, publisher = {the American Astronomical Society}, author = {Abbott, R and Abe, H and Acernese, F and Ackley, K and Adhicary, S and Adhikari, N and Adhikari, R X and Adkins, V K and Adya, V B and Affeldt, C and Agarwal, D and Agathos, M and Aguiar, O D and Aiello, L and Ain, A and Ajith, P and Akutsu, T and Albanesi, S and Alfaidi, R A and Alléné, C and Allocca, A and Altin, P A and Amato, A and Anand, S and Ananyeva, A and Anderson, S B and Anderson, W G and Ando, M and Andrade, T and Andres, N and Andrés-Carcasona, M and Andrić, T and Ansoldi, S and Antelis, J M and Antier, S and Apostolatos, T and Appavuravther, E Z and Appert, S and Apple, S K and Arai, K and Araya, A and Araya, M C and Areeda, J S and Arène, M and Aritomi, N and Arnaud, N and Arogeti, M and Aronson, S M and Asada, H and Ashton, G and Aso, Y and Assiduo, M and Assis_de_Souza_Melo, S and Aston, S M and Astone, P and Aubin, F and AultONeal, K and Babak, S and Badaracco, F and Badger, C and Bae, S and Bae, Y and Bagnasco, S and Bai, Y and Baier, J G and Baird, J and Bajpai, R and Baka, T and Ball, M and Ballardin, G and Ballmer, S W and Baltus, G and Banagiri, S and Banerjee, B and Bankar, D and Barayoga, J C and Barish, B C and Barker, D and Barneo, P and Barone, F and Barr, B and Barsotti, L and Barsuglia, M and Barta, D and Bartlett, J and Barton, M A and Bartos, I and Basak, S and Bassiri, R and Basti, A and Bawaj, M and Bayley, J C and Bazzan, M and Bécsy, B and Bedakihale, V M and Beirnaert, F and Bejger, M and Belahcene, I and Bell, A S and Benedetto, V and Beniwal, D and Benoit, W and Bentley, J D and BenYaala, M and Bera, S and Berbel, M and Bergamin, F and Berger, B K and Bernuzzi, S and Beroiz, M and Berry, C_P L and Bersanetti, D and Bertolini, A and Betzwieser, J and Beveridge, D and Bhandare, R and Bhandari, A V and Bhardwaj, U and Bhatt, R and Bhattacharjee, D and Bhaumik, S and Bianchi, A and Bilenko, I A and Bilicki, M and Billingsley, G and Bini, S and Birnholtz, O and Biscans, S and Bischi, M and Biscoveanu, S and Bisht, A and Biswas, B and Bitossi, M and Bizouard, M-A and Blackburn, J K and Blair, C D and Blair, D G and Blair, R M and Bobba, F and Bode, N and Boër, M and Bogaert, G and Boldrini, M and Bolingbroke, G N and Bonavena, L D and Bondarescu, R and Bondu, F and Bonilla, E and Bonnand, R and Booker, P and Bork, R and Boschi, V and Bose, N and Bose, S and Bossilkov, V and Boudart, V and Bouffanais, Y and Bozzi, A and Bradaschia, C and Brady, P R and Bramley, A and Branch, A and Branchesi, M and Brau, J E and Breschi, M and Briant, T and Briggs, J H and Brillet, A and Brinkmann, M and Brockill, P and Brooks, A F and Brooks, J and Brown, D D and Brunett, S and Bruno, G and Bruntz, R and Bryant, J and Bucci, F and Buchanan, J and Bulik, T and Bulten, H J and Buonanno, A and Burtnyk, K and Buscicchio, R and Buskulic, D and Buy, C and Byer, R L and Cabourn_Davies, G S and Cabras, G and Cabrita, R and Cadonati, L and Cagnoli, G and Cahillane, C and Calderón_Bustillo, J and Callaghan, J D and Callister, T A and Calloni, E and Camp, J B and Canepa, M and Caneva, G and Cannavacciuolo, M and Cannon, K C and Cao, H and Cao, Z and Capistran, L A and Capocasa, E and Capote, E and Carapella, G and Carbognani, F and Carlassara, M and Carlin, J B and Carpinelli, M and Carrillo, G and Carter, J J and Carullo, G and Casanueva_Diaz, J and Casentini, C and Castaldi, G and Caudill, S and Cavaglià, M and Cavalier, F and Cavalieri, R and Cella, G and Cerdá-Durán, P and Cesarini, E and Chaibi, W and Chakalis, W and Chalathadka_Subrahmanya, S and Champion, E and Chan, C-H and Chan, C and Chan, C L and Chan, K and Chan, M and Chandra, K and Chang, I P and Chang, W and Chanial, P and Chao, S and Chapman-Bird, C and Charlton, P and Chassande-Mottin, E and Chatterjee, C and Chatterjee, Debarati and Chatterjee, Deep and Chaturvedi, M and Chaty, S and Chatziioannou, K and Chen, C and Chen, D and Chen, H Y and Chen, J and Chen, K and Chen, X and Chen, Y-B and Chen, Y-R and Chen, Y and Cheng, H and Chessa, P and Cheung, H Y and Chia, H Y and Chiadini, F and Chiang, C-Y and Chiarini, G and Chierici, R and Chincarini, A and Chiofalo, M L and Chiummo, A and Choudhary, R K and Choudhary, S and Christensen, N and Chu, Q and Chu, Y-K and Chua, S_S Y and Chung, K W and Ciani, G and Ciecielag, P and Cieślar, M and Cifaldi, M and Ciobanu, A A and Ciolfi, R and Clara, F and Clark, J A and Clarke, T A and Clearwater, P and Clesse, S and Cleva, F and Coccia, E and Codazzo, E and Cohadon, P-F and Cohen, D E and Colleoni, M and Collette, C G and Colombo, A and Colpi, M and Compton, C M and Conti, L and Cooper, S J and Corban, P and Corbitt, T R and Cordero-Carrión, I and Corezzi, S and Cornish, N 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