While Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and ammonia have a
place in our daily lives, their leakage into the environment is harmful
to human health. In order to prevent and detect gaseous leaks
of harmful VOCs, a cyber-physical system (CPS) comprised of ordinary
people or first responders is proposed. This CPS uses small,
low-cost sensors coupled to smart phones or mobile devices with
the necessary computation and communication capabilities. The efficacy
of such a CPS hinges on its ability to address technical challenges
stemming from the fact that identically produced sensors may
produce different results under the same conditions due to sensor
drift, noise, or resolution errors.
The proposed system makes use of time-varying signals produced
by sensors to detect gas leaks. Sensors sample the gas vapor
level in a continuous manner and time-varying sensor data is processed
using deep neural networks. One of the neural networks (NN)
is an energy efficient Additive Neural Network (AddNet) which can
be implemented in host devices. The second NN is the discriminator
of a GAN and the third a regular convolutional NN. AddNet
produces comparable VOC gas leak detection results to regular convolutional
networks while reducing area requirements by two thirds.
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A Self-Sustained CPS Design for Reliable Wildfire Monitoring
Continuous monitoring of areas nearby the electric grid is critical for preventing and early detection of devastating wildfires. Existing wildfire monitoring systems are intermittent and oblivious to local ambient risk factors, resulting in poor wildfire awareness. Ambient sensor suites deployed near the gridlines can increase the monitoring granularity and detection accuracy. However, these sensors must address two challenging and competing objectives at the same time. First, they must remain powered for years without manual maintenance due to their remote locations. Second, they must provide and transmit reliable information if and when a wildfire starts. The first objective requires aggressive energy savings and ambient energy harvesting, while the second requires continuous operation of a range of sensors. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the first self-sustained cyber-physical system that dynamically co-optimizes the wildfire detection accuracy and active time of sensors. The proposed approach employs reinforcement learning to train a policy that controls the sensor operations as a function of the environment (i.e., current sensor readings), harvested energy, and battery level. The proposed cyber-physical system is evaluated extensively using real-life temperature, wind, and solar energy harvesting datasets and an open-source wildfire simulator. In long-term (5 years) evaluations, the proposed framework achieves 89% uptime, which is 46% higher than a carefully tuned heuristic approach. At the same time, it averages a 2-minute initial response time, which is at least 2.5× faster than the same heuristic approach. Furthermore, the policy network consumes 0.6 mJ per day on the TI CC2652R microcontroller using TensorFlow Lite for Micro, which is negligible compared to the daily sensor suite energy consumption.
more » « less- PAR ID:
- 10537763
- Publisher / Repository:
- ACM Digital Library
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems
- Volume:
- 22
- Issue:
- 5s
- ISSN:
- 1539-9087
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1 to 23
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- Computing methodologies → Reinforcement learning • Computer systems organi- zation → Embedded and cyber-physical systems Wildfire monitoring, self-sustainable, energy harvesting, edge device, IoT, resource management, decision making, sensing
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3608100
