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1. Prediction of tensile performance for 3D printed photopolymer gyroid lattices using structural porosity, base material properties, and machine learning

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112126  

   Peloquin, Jacob; Kirillova, Alina; Rudin, Cynthia; Brinson, LC; Gall, Ken (June 2023, Materials & Design)

   Advancements in additive manufacturing (AM) technology and three-dimensional (3D) modeling software have enabled the fabrication of parts with combinations of properties that were impossible to achieve with traditional manufacturing techniques. Porous designs such as truss-based and sheet-based lattices have gained much attention in recent years due to their versatility. The multitude of lattice design possibilities, coupled with a growing list of available 3D printing materials, has provided a vast range of 3D printable structures that can be used to achieve desired performance. However, the process of computationally or experimentally evaluating many combinations of base material and lattice design for a given application is impractical. This research proposes a framework for quickly predicting key mechanical properties of 3D printed gyroid lattices using information about the base material and porosity of the structure. Experimental data was gathered to train a simple, interpretable, and accurate kernel ridge regression machine learning model. The performance of the model was then compared to numerical simulation data and demonstrated similar accuracy at a fraction of the computation time. Ultimately, the model development serves as an advancement in ML-driven mechanical property prediction that can be used to guide extension of current and future models. 

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2. Mechanical Properties of Highly Deformable Elastomeric Gyroids for Multifunctional Capacitors

   https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202300629  

   Baker, Emilie R.; Ly, Khoi; Bosnjak, Nikola; O’Neill, Maura R.; Miller, Rachel; Li, Sandra; Shepherd, Robert F.; Silberstein, Meredith N. (July 2023, Advanced Engineering Materials)

   Triply periodic minimal surface lattices have mechanical properties that derive from the unit cell geometry and the base material. Through computation software like nTopology and Abaqus, these geometries are used to tune nonlinear stress–strain curves not readily achievable with solid materials alone and to change the compliance by two orders of magnitude compared to the constituent material. In this study, four elastomeric TPMS gyroids undergo large deformation compression and tension testing to investigate the impact of the structure's geometry on the mechanical properties. Among all the samples, the modulus at strainεvaries by over one order of magnitude (7.7–293.4 kPa from FEA under compression). These lattices are promising candidates for designing multifunctional systems that can perform multiple tasks simultaneously by leveraging the geometry's large surface area to volume ratio. For example, the architectural functionality of the lattice to bear loads and store mechanical energy along with the larger surface area for energy storage is combined. A compliant double‐gyroid capacitor that can simultaneously achieve three functions is demonstrated: load bearing, energy storage, and sensing. 

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3. Additive manufacturing of triply periodic minimal surface structures with geometrical porosity

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-025-01232-z  

   Huffman, Brandon; Youssef, George (July 2025, Progress in Additive Manufacturing)

   The advent of additive manufacturing, i.e., 3D printing, has enabled the flexibility to realize complex shapes and structures, such as triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures, which are desirable in many engineering applications due to their unique mechanics. Common applications include protective armor or structural reinforcement for military or civilian uses. In this report, three TPMS structures (gyroid, Schwarz diamond, and Schwarz primitive) were fabricated using a hyperelastic photocurable resin and vat photopolymerization (VPP) technique. Additional sets of the same structures were fabricated with geometrical porosity to ascertain the mechanical response of each porous structure as a function of different strain rates (quasi-static and low-velocity impact), i.e., the effect of higher surface area to volume ratio. The results showed that irrespective of geometry, including pores in the TPMS structures causes reduced stress and truncated strain levels achieved under quasi-static loading. Gyroid structures outperformed the other TPMS structures, resulting in higher deformation, irrespective of porosity level. Alternatively, the drop impact results indicated that adding porosity decreased the stress levels and extended the plateau region, achieving greater strains than neat resin structures. The effects of porosity and glass microballoon reinforcement were investigated under the same loading regimes for the gyroid structure. The response of the dual hybridized structures proved to increase the impact efficacy of the gyroid structures compared to all other variations investigated. The results of this paper indicate the potential of additively manufactured TPMS structures made of hyperelastic materials and decorated with stochastic pores for improved impact response. 

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4. Brief Paper: Geometric Determinants of Material Jetting-Enabled Bi-Material Interface Integrity Using Polyjet 3D Printing

   https://doi.org/10.1115/MSEC2024-122414  

   Aberdeen, Nolan J; Forghani, Kimia; Sochol, Ryan D (June 2024, American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

   Abstract Among the wide range of additive manufacturing — or “three-dimensional (3D) printing” — technologies, “material jetting” approaches are distinctively suited for multi-material fabrication. Because material jetting strategies, such as “PolyJet 3D printing”, harness inkjets that allow for multiple photopolymer droplets (and sacrificial support materials) to be dispensed in parallel to build 3D objects, distinct materials with unique properties can be readily unified in a single print akin to combining multiple-colored inks using a conventional 2D color printer. Although researchers have leveraged this multi-material capability to achieve, for example, 3D functionally graded and bi-material composite systems, there are cases in which the interface between distinct materials can become a key region of mechanical failure if not designed properly. To elucidate potential design factors that contribute to such failure modes, here we investigate the relationship between the interface design and tensile mechanical failure dynamics for PolyJet-printed bi-material coupons. Experimental results for a select set of bi-material sample designs that were 3D printed using a Stratasys Objet500 Connex3 PolyJet 3D printer and subjected to uniaxial tensile testing using a Tinius Olsen H25K-T benchtop universal testing machine under uniaxial strain revealed that increasing the surface contact area between two distinct materials via changes in geometric design does not necessarily increase the interface strength based on the length scales and loading conditions investigated in the current study and that further studies of the role of multi-material geometric designs in interface integrity are warranted to understand potential mechanisms underlying these results. Given the increasing interest in material jetting — and PolyJet 3D printing in particular — as a pathway to multi-material manufacturing in fields including robotics and fluidic circuitry, this study suggests that multi-material interface geometry should be considered appropriately for future applications. 

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5. Impacts of Sterilization Method On Material Properties Of 3D Printable Resins With Prolonged Exposure To Cell Culture Environments

   https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4071099  

   Liao, Ashlee; Bennington, Michael; Dai, Kevin; Irez, Alaeddin Burak; Sun, Anika; Schaffer, Saul; Chopra, Bhavya; Seok, Ji Min; Adams, Rebekah; Zhang, Yongjie Jessica; et al (February 2026, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering)

   Abstract Low-cost 3D printing has become increasingly important in biomedical research, enabling rapid fabrication of custom cell culture devices, fixtures, and biohybrid robotic components. However, little is known about how common sterilization procedures and prolonged cell culture exposure impact the mechanical properties of commercially available resins. In this study, we analyzed five candidate 3D-printable resins-three rigid (Asiga DentaGUIDE, Liqcreate Bio-Med Clear, Phrozen AquaGray 8K) and two elastomeric (Asiga DentaGUM, Formlabs Silicone 40A)-to evaluate the effects of ethanol/UV and autoclave sterilization on material properties in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at physiological conditions. Using stress-strain data from tensile and compressive mechanical tests, elastic moduli, ultimate tensile strength, and strain at break were compared across sterilization techniques. Results showed that sterilization significantly altered the mechanical properties of rigid resins, with Phrozen AquaGray 8K and Liqcreate Bio-Med Clear exhibiting large reductions in tensile stiffness and strength, while Asiga DentaGUIDE retained greater stability. In contrast, elastomeric resins were more robust: Asiga DentaGUM and Formlabs Silicone 40A demonstrated minimal or non-significant changes across sterilization methods, though post-treatment protocols influenced variability. Notably, several rigid resins also exhibited substantially lower moduli in PBS compared to manufacturer-reported values. These findings emphasize the need for experimental validation of 3D printed resin properties under intended use conditions and suggest that Asiga DentaGUIDE and Formlabs Silicone 40A are promising candidates for biohybrid applications. Overall, this work provides critical guidance for selecting sterilization-compatible materials for biomedical devices and biohybrid robotics. 

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