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1. Mode Vector Modulation

   Roudas, Ioannis Kwapisz (September 2021, European Conference on Optical Communication)

   null (Ed.)

   We propose a new energy-efficient, short-haul, multidimensional modulation using spatial degrees of freedom in SDM fibers to create well-separated points in the generalized Stokes space. We study the transceiver architecture, geometric constellation shaping, bit-to-symbol mapping, and the performance of the optically-preamplified direct-detection receiver. 

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2. Mode Vector Modulation: A review

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON59386.2023.10207337  

   Roudas, Ioannis; Kwapisz, Jaroslaw; Fink, Eric (July 2023, IEEE)
3. Modal Dispersion Performance of Mode Vector Modulation

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON62926.2024.10647693  

   Barbosa, F; Ferreira, F; Brisson, A; Biswas, A; Dadras, M; Fink, E; Roudas, I; Jiang, X (July 2024, IEEE)
4. Mode Vector Modulation: Optimal Signal Sets With Geometric Shaping

   https://doi.org/10.1364/OFC.2023.Th3E.4  

   Roudas, I.; Fink, E.; Kwapisz, J. (January 2023, Optica Publishing Group)

   For mode vector modulation, used in conjunction with direct-detection, we present geometrically-optimized signal sets that correspond to the densest sphere packing in the generalized Stokes space. We show that the best trade-off between spectral and energy efficiency occurs for simplex constellations. 

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5. Vector modulation instability in birefringent graded-index multimode fibers

   https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.412450  

   Ahsan, Amira_S; Agrawal, Govind_P (December 2020, Journal of the Optical Society of America B)

   We study vectorial modulation instability occurring inside a birefringent graded-index (GRIN) fiber when the two polarization components of the optical field are coupled nonlinearly through cross-phase modulation. In the scalar case in which only modes of one polarization are excited, the geometric parametric instability is known to produce an infinite number of sidebands around the wavelength of the input optical beam. We show that the birefringence of a GRIN fiber splits each of these sidebands into a triplet, whose frequency spacing depends on the differential group delay between the orthogonally polarized components. We verify the predictions of the linear stability analysis numerically by solving two coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations that include spatial self-imaging effects through an effective nonlinear parameter. We present results for both continuous and pulsed optical beams experiencing normal or anomalous group-velocity dispersion inside a GRIN fiber. 

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