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Abstract Coastal foredunes provide the first line of defense against rising sea levels and storm surge and for this reason there is increasing interest in understanding and modeling foredune formation and post‐storm recovery. However, there is limited observational data available to provide empirical guidance for the development of model parameterizations. To provide guidance for improved representation of dune grass growth in models, we conducted a two‐year multi‐species transplant experiment on Hog Island, VA, U.S.A. and measured the dependence of plant growth on elevation and distance from the shoreline, as well as the relationship between plant growth and sand accumulation. We tracked total leaf growth (length) and aboveground leaf length and found thatAmmophila breviligulata(American beachgrass) andUniola paniculata(sea oats) grew more thanSpartina patens(saltmeadow cordgrass) by a factor of 15% (though not statistically significant) and 45%, respectively. Our results also suggest a range of basal/frontal area ratios (an important model parameter) from 0.5‐1 and a strong correlation between transplant growth and total sand deposition for all species at the scale of two years, but not over shorter temporal scales. Distance from the shoreline and elevation had no effect on transplant growth rate but did have an effect on survival. Based on transplant survival, the seaward limit of vegetation at the end of the experiment was approximately 30 m from the MHWL and at an elevation of 1.43 m, corresponding to inundation less than 7.5% of the time according to total water level calculations. Results from this experiment provide evidence for the dune‐building capacity of all three species, suggestingS. patensis not a maintainer species, as previously thought, but rather a moderate dune builder even though its growth is less stimulated by sand deposition thanA. breviligulataandU. paniculata. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Literature-based latitudinal distribution and possible range shifts of two US east coast dune grass species ( Uniola paniculata and Ammophila breviligulata )
Previous work on the US Atlantic coast has generally shown that coastal foredunes are dominated by two dune grass species,Ammophila breviligulata(American beachgrass) andUniola paniculata(sea oats). From Virginia northward,A. breviligulatadominates, whileU. paniculatais the dominant grass south of Virginia. Previous work suggests that these grasses influence the shape of coastal foredunes in species-specific ways, and that they respond differently to environmental stressors; thus, it is important to know which species dominates a given dune system. The range boundaries of these two species remains unclear given the lack of comprehensive surveys. In an attempt to determine these boundaries, we conducted a literature survey of 98 studies that either stated the range limits and/or included field-based studies/observations of the two grass species. We then produced an interactive map that summarizes the locations of the surveyed papers and books. The literature review suggests that the current southern range limit forA. breviligulatais Cape Fear, NC, and the northern range limit forU. paniculatais Assateague Island, on the Maryland and Virginia border. Our data suggest a northward expansion ofU. paniculata,possibly associated with warming trends observed near the northern range limit in Painter, VA. In contrast, the data regarding a range shift forA. breviligulataremain inconclusive. We also compare our literature-based map with geolocated records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and iNaturalist research grade crowd-sourced observations. We intend for our literature-based map to aid coastal researchers who are interested in the dynamics of these two species and the potential for their ranges to shift as a result of climate change.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1832221
- PAR ID:
- 10553030
- Publisher / Repository:
- PeerJ
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- PeerJ
- Volume:
- 6
- ISSN:
- 2167-8359
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- e4932
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4932
